2022年1月浙江卷
第二部分阅读理解(共两节，满分35分)
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中选出最佳选项，并在答题纸上将该项涂黑。
A
For nearly a decade now, Merebeth has been a self-employed pet transport specialist. Her pet transport job was born of the financial crisis(危机) in the late 2000s. The downturn hit the real estate(房地产)firm where she had worked for ten years as an office manager. The firm went broke and left her looking for a new job. One day, while driving near her home, she saw a dog wandering on the road, clearly lost. She took it home, and her sister in Denver agreed to take it. This was a loving home for sure, but 1,600 miles away. It didn't take long for Merebeth to decide to drive the dog there herself. It was her first road trip to her new job. Merebeth's pet delivery service also satisfies her wanderlust. It has taken her to every state in the US except Montana, Washington and Oregon, she says proudly. If she wants to visit a new place, she will simply find a pet with transport needs there. She travels in all weathers. She has driven through 55 mph winds in Wyoming, heavy flooding and storms in Alabama and total whiteout conditions in Kansas.
This wanderlust is inherited from her father, she says. He moved their family from Canada to California when she was one year old, because he wanted them to explore a new place together. As soon as she graduated from high school she left home to live on Catalina island off the Californian coast, away from her parents, where she enjoyed a life of sailing and off-road biking.
It turns out that pet transporting pays quite well at about $30,000 per year before tax. She doesn't work in summer, as it would be unpleasantly hot for the animals in the car, even with air conditioning. As autumn comes, she gets restless--the same old wanderlust returning. It's a call she must heed alone, though. Merebeth says, "When I am on the road, I'm just in my own world. I've always been independent-spirited and I just feel strongly that I mush help animals."
21.Why did Merebeth changed her job?
A.She wanted to work near her home.
B. She was tired of working in the office.
C. Her sister asked her to move to Denver.
D.Her former employer was out of business.
22.The word “wanderlust” in paragraph 2 means a desire to?
A. make money.
B. try various jobs.
C. be close to nature.
D.travel to different places.
23. What can we learn about Merebeth in her new job?
A. She has chances to see rare animals.
B.She works hard throughout the year.
C. She relies on herself the whole time.
D. She earns a basic and tax-free salary.
答案解析：
21. D根据第一段中的"The downturn hit the real estate firm where she had worked for ten years as an office manager. The firm went broke and left her looking for a new job."可知，Merebeth之前工作的房地产公司破产了，她因此失去了工作，所以需要找新工作，故选D。
22. D根据第二段中的"It has taken her to every state in the US except Montana, Washington and Oregon, she says proudly."和"If she wants to visit a new place, she will simply find a pet with transport needs there."可知，Merebeth喜欢去不同的地方，所以"wanderlust"在这里意味着想要去不同地方旅行的愿望，故选D。
23. C根据最后一段中的"I'm just in my own world. I've always been independent-spirited and I just feel strongly that I must help animals."可知，Merebeth在新工作中一直依靠自己，她一直有独立的精神，故选C。
2022年1月浙江卷
B
The United States rose to global power on the strength of its technology, and the lifeblood that technology has long been electricity. By providing long-distance communication and energy, electricity created the modern world. Yet properly understood, the age of electricity is merely the second stage in the age of steam, which began a century earlier.
“It is curious that on one has put together a history of both the steam and electric revolutions." writes Maury Klein in his book The Power Makers, Steam, Electricity, and the Men invented Modern America. Klein, a noted historian of technology, spins a narrative so lively that at times it reads like a novel.
The story begins in the last years of the 18th century in Scotland, where Watt perfected "the machine that changed the world”. Klein writes, “America did not invent the steam engine, but once they grasped its passwords they put it to more uses than anyone else.”
Meanwhile, over the course of 19th century, electricity went from mere curiosity to a basic necessity. Morse invented a code for sending messages over an electromagnetic circuit. Bell then gave the telegraph a voice. Edison perfected an incandescent bulls that brought electric light into the American home.
Most importantly, Edison realized that success depended on mass electrification, which he showed in New York City. With help from Tesla, Westinghouse's firm developed a system using alternating current, which soon became the major forms of power delivery.
To frame his story, Klein creates the character of Ned, a fictional witness to the progress brought about by the steams and electric revolutions in America during one man's lifetime. It's a technique that helps turn a long narrative into an interesting one.
24. What is Klein's understanding of the age if electricity?
A. It is closely linked to the steam age.
B. It began earlier than proper thought.
C. It is a little-studied period of history.
D. It will come to an end sooner or later.
25.What can be inferred about Ned?
A. He was born in New York City.
B. He wrote many increasing stories,
C. He created an electricity company.
D. He lived mainly in the 19th century.
26.What is the text?
A. A biography. B. A book review. C. A short story. D. A science report.
答案解析：
24. A根据文章第二段中的"Yet properly understood, the age of electricity is merely the second stage in the age of steam, which began a century earlier."可知，Klein认为电力时代仅仅是蒸汽时代的第二阶段，这两个时代是紧密相连的，故选A。
25. D根据文章最后一段中的"To frame his story, Klein creates the character of Ned, a fictional witness to the progress brought about by the steam and electric revolutions in America during one man's lifetime."可知，Ned是一个虚构的角色，他见证了蒸汽和电力革命在一个人的生命周期内给美国带来的进步。由于蒸汽革命开始于18世纪末，电力革命主要发生在19世纪，可以推断Ned主要生活在19世纪，故选D。
26. B整篇文章讲述了Klein的书《The Power Makers, Steam, Electricity, and the Men Who Invented Modern America》的内容，包括对蒸汽和电力革命的历史叙述，以及对Klein写作技巧的评价。因此，这篇文章是一篇书评，故选B。
C
The benefits of regular exercise are well documented but there's a new bonus to add to the ever-growing list.New researchers found that middle-aged women who were physically fit could be nearly 90 percent less likely to develop dementia(失智症)in later life, and is they did, it came on a decade later than less sporty women.
Lead researcher Dr. Helena Horder, of the university of Gothenburg in Sweden, said: "These findings are exciting because it's possible that improving people's cardiovascular(心血管的)fitness in middle age could delay or even prevent them from developing dementia.” For the study, 191 women with an average age of 50 took a bicycle exercise test until they were exhausted to measure their peak(最大值的)cardiovascular capacity. The average peak workload
was measured at 103 watts.
A total of 40 women met the criteria for a high fitness level, or 120 watts or higher. A total of 92
women were in the medium fitness category; and 59 women were in the low fitness category, defined
as a peak workload of 80 watts or less, or having their exercise tests stopped because of high blood
pressure, chest pain or other cardiovascular problems.
These women were then tested for dementia six times over the following four decades. During that time,44 of the women developed dementia. Five percent of the highly fit women developed dementia, compared to 25 percent of the women with medium fitness and 32 percent of the women with low fitness.
“However, this study does not show cause and effect between cardiovascular fitness and dementia, it only shows an association. More research is needed to see if improved fitness could have a positive effect on the risk of dementia and also to look at when during a lifetime a high fitness level is most important.” She also admitted that a relatively small number of women were studied, all of whom were form Sweden, so the results might not be applicable to other groups.
27. What is on the ever-growing list mentioned in the first paragraph?
A. Positive effects of doing exercises.
B. Exercises suitable for the middle-aged.
C. Experimental studies on diseases.
D. Advantages of sporty woman over man
28. Why did the researchers ask the woman to do bicycle exercise?
A. To predict their maximum heart rate.
B. To assess their cardiovascular capacity
C. To change their habits of working out
D. To detect their potential health problems
29. What do we know about Dr.Horder's study?
A. It aimed to find a cure for dementia.
B. Data collection was a lengthy process.
C. Some participants withdrew from it.
D. The results were far from satisfactory.
30. Which of the following is the best title for the text?
A. More Women Are Exercising to Prevent Dementia
B. Middle-Aged Women Need to Do More Exercise
C. Fit Women Are Less Likely to Develop Dementia
D. Biking Improves Women's Cardiovascular Fitness
答案解析：
27. A根据第一段中的"The benefits of regular exercise are well documented but there's a new bonus to add to the ever-growing list."可知，这里提到的不断增长的列表是指定期锻炼的好处，而新研究发现的中年女性身体健壮可以降低失智症风险是添加到这个列表上的新好处，故选A。
28. B根据第二段中的"For the study, 191 women with an average age of 50 took a bicycle exercise test until they were exhausted to measure their peak cardiovascular capacity."可知，研究人员让女性进行自行车运动测试是为了测量她们的最大心血管能力，故选B。
29. B根据第四段中的"These women were then tested for dementia six times over the following four decades."可知，这项研究的数据收集过程持续了四十年，对女性进行了六次失智症测试，说明数据收集是一个漫长的过程，故选B。
30. C整篇文章讨论的是一项研究，该研究发现身体健壮的中年女性在晚年患失智症的可能性要低得多，如果她们确实患上了失智症，也比不太爱运动的女性的发病时间晚十年。因此，文章的最佳标题应该是"C. Fit Women Are Less Likely to Develop Dementia"，因为它概括了文章的主要内容，故选C。
2022年新高考I卷
A
Grading Policies for introduction to Literature
Grading Scale
90-100, A; 80-89, B; 70-79, C; 60-69, D; Below 60, E.
Essays (60%)
Your four major essays will combine to form the main part of the grade for this course: Essay 1 = 10%; Essay 2 = 15%; Essay 3 = 15%; Essay 4 = 20%.
Group Assignments (30%)
Students will work in groups to complete four assignments (作业) during the course. All the assignments will be submitted by the assigned date through Blackboard, our online learning and course management system.
Daily Work/In-Class Writings and Tests/Group Work/Homework (10%)
Class activities will vary from day to day, but students must be ready to complete short in-class writings or tests drawn directly from assigned readings or notes from the previous class' lecture/discussion, so it is important to take careful notes during class. Additionally, from time to time I will assign group work to be completed in class or short assignments to be completed at home, both of which will be graded.
Late Work
An essay not submitted in class on the due date will lose a letter grade for each class period it is late. If it is not turned in by the 4th day after the due date, it will earn a zero. Daily assignments not completed during class will get a zero. Short writings missed as a result of an excused absence will be accepted.
21. Where is this text probably taken from?
A. A textbook. B. An exam paper. C. A course plan. D. An academic article.
22. How many parts is a student’s final grade made up of?
A. Two. B. Three. C. Four. D. Five.
23. What will happen if you submit an essay one week after the due date?
A. You will receive a zero. B. You will lose a letter grade.
C. You will be given a test. D. You will have to rewrite it.
答案解析：
21. C 解析：本文是一份文学入门课程的评分政策，它详细说明了课程的成绩组成、评分标准、作业提交方式以及迟交作业的处理方法。这些都是课程计划中会包含的内容，因此最有可能的来源是课程计划。
22. B 解析：根据文章中的"Essays (60%)"，"Group Assignments (30%)"，"Daily Work/In-Class Writings and Tests/Group Work/Homework (10%)"，可以得知学生的最终成绩由三部分组成，即论文、小组作业和日常作业/课堂写作和测试/小组工作/家庭作业。
23. A 解析：根据文章中的"An essay not submitted in class on the due date will lose a letter grade for each class period it is late. If it is not turned in by the 4th day after the due date, it will earn a zero."，可以推断出如果论文迟交一个星期(假设一周有五个上课日)，将会失去四个等级，并在第四天之后得零分。因此，如果在一周后提交，将会得到零分。
B
Like most of us, I try to be mindful of food that goes to waste. The arugula (芝麻菜)was to make a nice green salad, rounding out a roast chicken dinner. But I ended up working late. Then friends called with a dinner invitation. I stuck the chicken in the freezer. But as days passed, the arugula went bad. Even worse, I had unthinkingly bought way too much; I could have made six salads with what I threw out.
In a world where nearly 800 million people a year go hungry, “food waste goes against the moral grain,” as Elizabeth Royte writes in this month’s cover story. It’s jaw-dropping how much perfectly good food is thrown away — from “ugly” (but quite eatable) vegetables rejected by grocers to large amounts of uneaten dishes thrown into restaurant garbage cans.
Producing food that no one eats wastes the water, fuel, and other resources used to grow it. That makes food waste an environmental problem. In fact, Royte writes, “if food waste were a country, it would be the third largest producer of greenhouse gases in the world.”
If that’s hard to understand, let’s keep it as simple as the arugula at the back of my refrigerator. Mike Curtin sees my arugula story all the time — but for him, it's more like 12 bones of donated strawberries nearing their last days. Curtin is CEO of DC central Kitchen in Washington, D.C., which recovers food and turns it into healthy meals. Last year it recovered more than 807,500 pounds of food by taking donations and collecting blemished (有瑕疵的) produce that otherwise would have rotted in fields. And the strawberries? Volunteers will wash, cut, and freeze or dry them for use in meals down the road.
Such methods seem obvious, yet so often we just don’t think. “Everyone can play a part in reducing waste, whether by not purchasing more food than necessary in your weekly shopping or by asking restaurants to not include the side dish you won’t eat,” Curtin says.
24. What does the author want to show by telling the arugula story?
A. We pay little attention to food waste. B. We waste food unintentionally at times.
C We waste more vegetables than meat. D. We have good reasons for wasting food.
25. What is a consequence of food waste according to the test?
A. Moral decline. B. Environmental harm.
C. energy shortage. D. Worldwide starvation.
26. What does Curtin’s company do?
A. It produces kitchen equipment. B. It turns rotten arugula into clean fuel.
C. It helps local farmers grow fruits. D. It makes meals out of unwanted food.
27. What does Curtin suggest people do?
A. Buy only what is needed. B. reduce food consumption.
C. Go shopping once a week. D. Eat in restaurants less often.
答案解析：
24. B 解析：作者通过讲述芝麻菜的故事，想要表达的是我们有时会在无意中浪费食物。在文中，作者原本打算用芝麻菜做沙拉，但因为加班和朋友的邀请，最终导致芝麻菜变质被扔掉。这个故事反映了人们在日常生活中不经意间造成的食物浪费。
25. B 解析：根据文章第二段和第三段的内容，食物浪费会导致资源的浪费，如水、燃料等，这些都是用于生产食物的资源。文章还提到，如果食物浪费是一个国家，它将是世界上第三大温室气体排放国。这些都说明食物浪费是一个环境问题。
26. D 解析：根据文章第四段，Curtin是DC Central Kitchen的CEO，这个组织回收食物并将其转化为健康的餐食。去年，他们通过捐赠和收集有瑕疵的农产品，回收了超过807,500磅的食物。因此，Curtin的公司将不需要的食物变成餐食。
27. A 解析：根据文章最后一段，Curtin说每个人都可以在减少浪费中发挥作用，比如在每周购物时不要购买比必要更多的食物，或者要求餐厅不要上你不会吃的配菜。这表明Curtin建议人们只购买他们需要的东西，以减少食物浪费。
C
The elderly residents (居民) in care homes in London are being given hens to look after to stop them feeling lonely.
The project was dreamed up by a local charity (慈善组织) to reduce loneliness and improve elderly people’s wellbeing. It is also being used to help patients suffering dementia, a serious illness of the mind. staff in care homes have reported a reduction in the use of medicine where hens are in use.
Among those taking part in the project is 80-year-old Ruth Xavier. She said: “I used to keep hens when I was younger and had to prepare their breakfast each morning before I went to school. ”
“I like the project a lot. I am down there in my wheelchair in the morning letting the hens out and down there again at night to see they’ve gone to bed.”
“It’s good to have a different focus. People have been bringing their children in to see the hens and residents come and sit outside to watch them. I’m enjoying the creative activities, and it feels great to have done something useful.”
There are now 700 elderly people looking after hens in 20 care homes in the North East, and the charity has been given financial support to roll it out countrywide.
Wendy Wilson, extra care manager at 60 Penfold Street, one of the first to embark on the project, said: “Residents really welcome the idea of the project and the creative sessions. We are looking forward to the benefits and fun the project can bring to people here.”
Lynn Lewis, director of Notting Hill Pathways, said: “We are happy to be taking part in the project. It will really help connect our residents through a shared interest and creative activities.”
28. What is the purpose of the project?
A. To ensure harmony in care homes. B. To provide part-time jobs for the aged.
C. To raise money for medical research. D. To promote the elderly people’s welfare.
29. How has the project affected Ruth Xavier?
A. She has learned new life skills. B. She has gained a sense of achievement.
C. She has recovered her memory. D. She has developed a strong personality.
30. What do the underlined words “embark on” mean in paragraph 7?
A. Improve. B. Oppose. C. Begin. D. Evaluate.
31. What can we learn about the project from the last two paragraphs?
A. It is well received. B. It needs to be more creative.
C. It is highly profitable. D. It takes ages to see the results.
答案解析：
28. D 解析：文章第一段提到，这个项目的目的是为了减少老年人的孤独感并改善他们的福祉。因此，项目的目的是为了促进老年人的福利。
29. B 解析：根据文章第四段，Ruth Xavier 表示她非常喜欢这个项目，她每天早上都会去放鸡，晚上确认它们已经上床睡觉。她认为这样做很有趣，感觉做了一件有用的事情。这表明这个项目让她获得了一种成就感。
30. C 解析：在文章第七段中，"embark on" 这个短语用来描述 Wendy Wilson 所在的养老院是第一批参与这个项目的。在这里，"embark on" 的意思是“开始”，所以正确答案是 C。
31. A 解析：文章最后两段提到了两个不同的人物，Wendy Wilson 和 Lynn Lewis，他们都对这个项目表示了积极的评价。Wendy Wilson 表示居民们非常欢迎这个项目的想法和创意活动，而 Lynn Lewis 表示参与这个项目能够让居民通过共同的兴趣和创意活动建立联系。这表明该项目受到了好评。
D
Human speech contains more than 2,000 different sounds, from the common “m” and “a” to the rare clicks of some southern African languages. But why are certain sounds more common than others? A ground-breaking, five-year study shows that diet-related changes in human bite led to new speech sounds that are now found in half the world’s languages.
More than 30 years ago, the scholar Charles Hockett noted that speech sounds called labiodentals, such as “f” and “v”, were more common in the languages of societies that ate softer foods. Now a team of researchers led by Damián Blasi at the university of Zurich, Switzerland, has found how and why this trend arose.
They discovered that the upper and lower front teeth of ancient human adults were aligned (对齐), making it hard to produce labiodentals, which are formed by touching the lower lip to the upper teeth. Later, our jaws changed to an overbite structure (结构), making it easier to produce such sounds.
The team showed that this change in bite was connected with the development of agriculture in the Neolithic period. Food became easier to chew at this point. The jawbone didn’t have to do as much work and so didn’t grow to be so large.
Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there was a global change in the sound of world languages after the Neolithic age, with the use of “f” and “v” increasing remarkably during the last few thousand years. These sounds are still not found in the languages of many hunter-gatherer people today.
This research overturns the popular view that all human speech sounds were present when human beings evolved around 300,000 years ago. ”The set of speech sounds we use has not necessarily remained stable since the appearance of human beings, but rather the huge variety of speech sounds that we find today is the product of a complex interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution,“ said Steven Moran, a member of the research team.
32. Which aspect of the human speech sound does Damián Blasi’s research focus on?
A. Its variety. B. Its distribution. C. Its quantity. D. Its development.
33. Why was it difficult for ancient human adults to produce labiodentals?
A. They had fewer upper teeth than lower teeth.
B. They could not open and close their lips easily.
C. Their jaws were not conveniently structured.
D. Their lower front teeth were not large enough.
34. What is paragraph 5 mainly about?
A. Supporting evidence for the research results.
B. potential application of the research findings.
C. A further explanation of the research methods.
D. A reasonable doubt about the research process.
35. What does Steven Moran say about the set of human speech sounds?
A. It is key to effective communication. B. It contributes much to cultural diversity.
C. It is a complex and dynamic system. D. It drives the evolution of human beings.
答案解析：
32. D 解析：第二段提到“Now a team of researchers led by Damián Blasi at the University of Zurich，Switzerland，has found how and why this trend arose”，即Damián Blasi的研究团队发现了这种趋势(人类发音变化)是如何以及为什么产生的，因此他的研究重点是语音的发展。所以答案是D。
33. C 解析：文章第三段提到，古代成年人的上齿和下齿是对齐的，这使得产生由下唇触碰上齿形成的labiodentals(如“f”和“v”)变得困难。这说明古代人类成年人难以产生labiodentals是因为他们的颌部结构不方便。
34. A 解析：第五段提到了对语言数据库的分析，确认了在新石器时代之后，世界语言的声音发生了全球性的变化，其中“f”和“v”的使用在过去的几千年中显著增加。这些分析结果支持了研究团队关于咬合变化与农业发展相关联的发现，因此这一段主要是关于支持研究结果的证据。
35. C 解析：最后一段中，Steven Moran提到，我们使用的语音声音集合并不一定自人类出现以来就保持稳定，而是生物变化和文化演化的复杂相互作用的结果。这表明他认为人类语音声音是一个复杂且动态的系统。
2022年全国乙卷
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
A
Henry Raeburn (1756-1823)
The Exhibition
This exhibition of some sixty masterpieces celebrating the life and work of Scotland's best loved painter, Sir Henry Raeburn, comes to London. Selected from collections throughout the world, it is the first major exhibition of his work to be held in over forty years.
Lecture Series
Scottish National Portrait(肖像画) Gallery presents a series of lectures for the general public. They are held in the lecture Room. admission to lectures is free.
Exhibition Times
Monday-Saturday 10.00-17.45 Sunday 12.00-17.45
Last admission to the exhibition: 17.15. There is no re-admission.
Closed: 24-26 December and 1 January.
Admission
£4. Children under 12 years accompanied by an adult are admitted free.
Schools and Colleges
A special low entrance charge of £2 per person is available to all in full-time education, up to and including those at first degree level, in organised groups with teachers.
21.What is the right time for attending Raeburn's English Contemporaries?
A.Sun. 26 Oct. B.Thurs. 30 Oct.
C.Thurs. 6 Nov. D.Thurs. 13 Nov.
22.How much would a couple with two children under 12 pay for admission?
A.£4. B.£8. C.£12. D.£16.
23.How can full-time students get group discounts?
A.They should go on Sunday mornings. B.They should come from art schools.
C.They must be led by teachers. D.They must have ID cards with them.
答案及解析：
21.B. Thurs. 30 Oct.
题目询问参加“Raeburn's English Contemporaries”讲座的正确时间。从表格中可以看到，“Raeburn's English Contemporaries”安排在10月30日星期四。
22.B. £8
题目询问一对夫妇带两个12岁以下的孩子参观需要支付多少费用。根据入场费信息，12岁以下儿童免费，成人票价为£4。两个成人需要支付£4×2=£8，两个孩子免费。
23.C. They must be led by teachers.
题目询问全日制学生如何获得团体折扣。根据表格信息，找到关于学生团体折扣的说明。表格中提到，学生团体需由教师带领才能享受£2的优惠票价。
B
In 1916, two girls of wealthy families, best friends from Auburn, N. Y.—Dorothy Woodruff and Rosamond Underwood—traveled to a settlement in the Rocky Mountains to teach in a one-room schoolhouse. The girls had gone to Smith College. They wore expensive clothes. So for them to move to Elkhead, Colo. to instruct the children whose shoes were held together with string was a surprise. Their stay in Elkhead is the subject of Nothing Daunted: The unexpected Education of Two Society Girls in the West by Dorothy Wickenden, who is a magazine editor and Dorothy Woodruff's granddaughter.
Why did they go then? Well, they wanted to do something useful. Soon, however, they realized what they had undertaken.
They moved in with a local family, the Harrisons, and, like them, had little privacy, rare baths, and a blanket of snow on their quilt when they woke up in the morning. Some mornings, Rosamond and Dorothy would arrive at the schoolhouse to find the children weeping from the cold. In spring, the snow was replaced by mud over ice.
In Wickenden's book, she expanded on the history of the West and also on feminism, which of course influenced the girls' decision to go to Elkhead. A hair-raising section concerns the building of the railroads, which entailed(牵涉) drilling through the Rockies, often in blinding snowstorms. The book ends with Rosamond and Dorothy's return to Auburn.
Wickenden is a very good storyteller. The sweep of the land and the stoicism(坚忍) of the people move her to some beautiful writing. Here is a picture of Dorothy Woodruff, on her horse, looking down from a hill top: "When the sun slipped behind the mountains, it shed a rosy glow all around them. Then a full moon rose. The snow was marked only by small animals: foxes, coyotes, mice, and varying hares, which turned white in the winter."
24.Why did Dorothy and Rosamond go to the Rocky Mountains?
A.To teach in a school. B.To study American history.
C.To write a book. D.To do sightseeing.
25.What can we learn about the girls from paragraph 3?
A.They enjoyed much respect. B.They had a room with a bathtub.
C.They lived with the local kids. D.They suffered severe hardships.
26.Which part of Wickenden's writing is hair-raising?
A.The extreme climate of Auburn. B.The living conditions in Elkhead.
C.The railroad building in the Rockies. D.The natural beauty of the West.
27.What is the text?
A.A news report. B.A book review.
C.A children's story. D.A diary entry.
答案及解析：
24. A。根据第一段中的“...traveled to a settlement in the Rocky Mountains to teach in a one-room schoolhouse.”可知，Dorothy和Rosamond去Rocky Mountains是为了在一间只有一个房间的学校教书。因此，答案是A。
25. D。根据第三段中的描述，她们与当地家庭一起生活，缺乏隐私，很少洗澡，早上醒来时被子上有雪，孩子们因为寒冷而哭泣，春天雪变成了泥泞。这些都表明她们在那里遭受了严重的艰苦。因此，答案是D。
26. C。根据第四段中的“A hair-raising section concerns the building of the railroads, which entailed drilling through the Rockies, often in blinding snowstorms.”可知，令人毛骨悚然的部分是关于铁路的建设，这涉及到在令人眩目的暴风雪中钻穿落基山脉。因此，答案是C。
27. B。整篇文章都在介绍Dorothy Wickenden的书“Nothing Daunted”，包括书中的内容、两位女主角的经历以及作者对这本书的评价。因此，这篇文章是一篇书评。答案是B。
C
Can a small group of drones(无人机) guarantee the safety and reliability of railways and, at the same time, help railway operators save billions of euros each year? that is the very likely future of applying today's "eyes in the sky" technology to making sure that the millions of kilometres of rail tracks and infrastructure(基础设施) worldwide are safe for trains on a 24/7 basis.
Drones are already being used to examine high-tension electrical lines. They could do precisely the same thing to inspect railway lines and other vital aspects of rail infrastructure such as the correct position of railway tracks and switching points. The more regularly they can be inspected, the more railway safety, reliability and on-time performance will be improved. Costs would be cut and operations would be more efficient(高效) across the board.
That includes huge savings in maintenance costs and better protection of railway personnel safety. It is calculated that European railways alone spend approximately 20 billion euros a year on maintenance, including sending maintenance staff, often at night, to inspect and repair the rail infrastructure. That can be dangerous work that could be avoided with drones assisting the crews' efforts.
By using the latest technologies, drones could also start providing higher-value services for railways, detecting faults in the rail or switches, before they can cause any safety problems. To perform these tasks, drones for rail don't need to be flying overhead. Engineers are now working on a new concept: the rail drones of the future. They will be moving on the track ahead of the train, and programmed to run autonomously. Very small drones with advanced sensors and AI and travelling ahead of the train could guide it like a co-pilot. With their ability to see ahead, they could signal any problem, so that fast-moving trains would be able to react in time.
28.What makes the application of drones to rail lines possible?
A.The use of drones in checking on power lines. B.Drones' ability to work at high altitudes.
C.The reduction of cost in designing drones. D.Drones' reliable performance in remote areas.
29.What does "maintenance" underlined in paragraph 3 refer to?
A.Personnel safety. B.Assistance from drones.
C.Inspection and repair. D.Construction of infrastructure.
30.What function is expected of the rail drones?
A.To provide early warning. B.To make trains run automatically.
C.To earn profits for the crews. D.To accelerate transportation.
31.Which is the most suitable title for the text?
A.What Faults Can Be Detected with Drones
B.How production of Drones Can Be Expanded
C.What difficulty Drone Development Will Face
D.How Drones Will Change the Future of Railways
答案及解析：
28. A。根据第二段第一句“Drones are already being used to examine high-tension electrical lines.”可知，无人机已经被用于检查高压电线，这表明无人机在检查铁路线和其他重要基础设施方面是可行的。因此，答案是A。
29. C。根据第三段的内容，maintenance一词指的是铁路基础设施的检查和维修工作，这与选项C“Inspection and repair”相符。因此，答案是C。
30. A。根据最后一段中的“Very small drones with advanced sensors and AI and travelling ahead of the train could guide it like a co-pilot. With their ability to see ahead, they could signal any problem, so that fast-moving trains would be able to react in time.”可知，铁路无人机预期的作用是提供早期警告，帮助快速移动的火车及时反应。因此，答案是A。
31. D。整篇文章讨论的是无人机如何被应用于铁路领域，以及它们将如何改变铁路的未来，包括提高安全性、降低成本和提高效率。因此，最合适的标题是“D. How Drones Will Change the Future of Railways”。答案是D。
D
The Government's sugar tax on soft drinks has brought in half as much money as Ministers first predicted it would generate, the first official data on the policy has shown.
First announced in April, 2016, the tax which applies to soft drinks containing more than 5g of sugar per 100ml, was introduced to help reduce childhood obesity(肥胖). It is believed that today's children and teenagers are consuming three times the recommended level of sugar, putting them at a higher risk of the disease.
Initially the sugar tax was expected to make £520m a year for the Treasury. However, data of the first six months showed it would make less than half this amount. At present it is expected to generate £240m for the year ending in April 2019, which will go to school sports.
It comes after more than half of soft drinks sold in shops have had their sugar levels cut by manufacturers(制造商) so they can avoid paying the tax. Drinks now contain 45 million fewer kilos of sugar as a result of manufacturers' efforts to avoid the charge, according to Treasury figures. Since April drinks companies have been forced to pay between 18p and 24p for every litre of sugary drink they produce or import, depending on the sugar content.
However, some high sugar brands, like Classic Coca Cola, have accepted the sugar tax and are refusing to change for fear of upsetting consumers. Fruit juices, milk-based drinks and most alcoholic drinks are free of the tax, as are small companies manufacturing fewer than 1m litres per year.
Today's figures, according to one government official, show the positive influence the sugar tax is having by raising millions of pounds for sports facilities(设施) and healthier eating in schools. Helping the next generation to have a healthy and active childhood is of great importance, and the industry is playing its part.
32.Why was the sugar tax introduced?
A.To collect money for schools. B.To improve the quality of drinks.
C.To protect children's health. D.To encourage research in education.
33.How did some drinks companies respond to the sugar tax?
A.They turned to overseas markets. B.They raised the prices of their products.
C.They cut down on their production. D.They reduced their products' sugar content.
34.From which of the following is the sugar tax collected?
A.Most alcoholic drinks. B.Milk-based drinks.
C.Fruit juices. D.Classic Coke.
35.What can be inferred about the adoption of the sugar tax policy?
A.It is a short-sighted decision. B.It is a success story.
C.It benefits manufacturers. D.It upsets customers.
答案解析：
32. C。根据第二段中的“the tax which applies to soft drinks containing more than 5g of sugar per 100ml, was introduced to help reduce childhood obesity(肥胖).”可知，糖税的引入是为了帮助减少儿童肥胖，从而保护儿童的健康。因此，答案是C。
33. D。根据第四段中的“It comes after more than half of soft drinks sold in shops have had their sugar levels cut by manufacturers(制造商) so they can avoid paying the tax.”可知，为了避免支付糖税，超过一半的软饮料制造商减少了饮料中的糖分。因此，答案是D。
34. D。根据第五段中的“However, some high sugar brands, like Classic Coca Cola, have accepted the sugar tax and are refusing to change for fear of upsetting consumers.”可知，像经典可口可乐这样的高糖品牌接受了糖税，并没有改变其配方。因此，经典可乐是需要缴纳糖税的。答案是D。
35. B。根据最后一段中的“Today's figures, according to one government official, show the positive influence the sugar tax is having by raising millions of pounds for sports facilities(设施) and healthier eating in schools.”可知，糖税政策产生了积极的影响，为学校的体育设施和更健康的饮食筹集了数百万英镑。这表明糖税政策的采纳是一个成功的故事。因此，答案是B。
2022全国甲卷
A
Theatres and Entertainment
St David's Hall
St David's Hall is the award winning National concert Hall of Wales standing at the very heart of Cardiff's entertainment centre. With an impressive 2,000-seat concert hall, St David's Hall is home to the annual Welsh Proms Cardiff. It presents live entertainment, including pop, rock, folk, jazz, musicals, dance, world music, films and classical music.
The Hayes, Cardiff CF 10 1 AH
www.stdavidshallcardiff.co.uk
The Glee Club
Every weekend this is "Wales" premier comedy club where having a great time is the order for both audiences and comedy stars alike. It is hard to name a comedy star who hasn't been on the stage here. If you are looking for the best comedies on tour and brilliant live music, you should start here.
Mermaid Quay, Cardiff Bay, Cardiff CF 10 5 BZ
www.glee.co.uk/cardiff
Sherman Cymru
Sherman Cymru's theatre in the Cathays area of Cardiff reopened in February 2012. This special building is a place in which theatre is made and where children, artists, writers and anyone else have the opportunity (机会) to do creative things. Sherman Cymru is excited to present a packed programme of the very best theatre, dance, family shows and music from Wales and the rest of the world.
Senghennydd Road, Cardiff CF 24 4 YE
www.shermancymru.co.uk
New Theatre
The New Theatre has been the home of quality drama, musicals, dance and children's shows for more than 100 years. Presenting the best of the West End along with the pick of the UK's touring shows, the New Theatre is Cardiff's oldest surviving traditional theatre. Be sure to pay a visit as part of your stay in the city.
Park Place, Cardiff CF 10 3 LN
www.newtheatrecardiff.co.uk
21. Where is the Welsh Proms Cardiff hosted?
A. At the New Theatre. B. At the Glee Club.
C. At Sherman Cymru. D. At St David's Hall.
22. What can people do at the Glee Club?
A. Watch musicals. B. Enjoy comedies.
C. See family shows. D. Do creative things.
23. Which website can you visit to learn about Cardiff's oldest surviving theatre?
A. www.newtheatrecardiff.co.uk B. www.shermancymru.co.uk
C. www.glee.co.uk/cardiff D. www.stdavidshalleardiff.co.uk
答案解析：
21. D
解析：根据文章中关于St David's Hall的描述，提到了"St David's Hall is home to the annual Welsh Proms Cardiff."，说明Welsh Proms Cardiff是在St David's Hall举办的。因此，答案是D。
22. B
解析：根据文章中关于The Glee Club的描述，提到了"Every weekend this is 'Wales' premier comedy club where having a great time is the order for both audiences and comedy stars alike."，说明在The Glee Club人们可以享受喜剧表演。因此，答案是B。
23. A
解析：根据文章中关于New Theatre的描述，提到了"The New Theatre has been the home of quality drama, musicals, dance and children's shows for more than 100 years."，并且提供了网址www.newtheatrecardiff.co.uk。要了解Cardiff最古老的传统剧院，应该访问这个网址。因此，答案是A。
B
Goffin's cockatoos, a kind of small parrot native to Australasia, have been shown to have similar shape-recognition abilities to a human two-year-old. though not known to use tools in the wild, the birds have proved skilful at tool use while kept in the cage. In a recent experiment, cockatoos were presented with a box with a nut inside it. The clear front of the box had a "keyhole" in a geometric shape, and the birds were given five differently shaped "keys" to choese from. Inserting the correct "key" would let out the nut.
In humans, babies can put a round shape in a round hole from around one year of age, but it will be another year before they are able to do the same with less symmetrical(对称的) shapes. his ability to recognize that a shape will need to be turned in a specific direction before it will fit is called an "allocentric frame of reference". In the experiment, Goffin's cockatoos were able to select the right tool for the job, in most cases, by visual recognition alone. Where trial-and-error was used, the cockatoos did better than monkeys in similar tests. This indicates that Goffin's cockatoos do indeed possess an allocentric frame of reference when moving objects in space, similar to two-year-old babies.
The next step, according to the researchers, is to try and work out whether the cockatoos rely entirely on visual clues(线索), or also use a sense of touch in making their shape selections.
24. How did the cockatoos get the nut from the box in the experiment?
A. By following instructions. B. By using a tool.
C. By turning the box around. D. By removing the lid.
25. Which task can human one-year-olds most likely complete according to the text?
A. Using a key to unlock a door. B. Telling parrots from other birds.
C. Putting a ball into a round hole. D. Grouping toys of different shapes.
26. What does the follow-up test aim to find out about the cockatoos?
A. How far they are able to see. B. How they track moving objects.
C. Whether they are smarter than monkeys. D. Whether they use a sense of touch in the test.
27. Which can be a suitable title for the text?
A. Cockatoos: Quick Error Checkers B. Cockatoos: independent Learners
C. Cockatoos: Clever Signal-Readers D. Cockatoos: Skilful Shape-Sorters
答案解析：
24. B
解析：根据文章第二段第一句"In a recent experiment, cockatoos were presented with a box with a nut inside it."，以及接下来的描述"Inserting the correct 'key' would let out the nut."，可以得出鹦鹉是通过使用正确的"钥匙"工具来取出坚果的。因此，答案是B。
25. C
解析：根据文章第二段第三句"In humans, babies can put a round shape in a round hole from around one year of age..."，说明一岁的人类婴儿能够完成将圆形物体放入圆形孔洞的任务。因此，答案是C。
26. D
解析：根据文章最后一句"The next step, according to the researchers, is to try and work out whether the cockatoos rely entirely on visual clues, or also use a sense of touch in making their shape selections."，研究人员下一步想要弄清楚的是鹦鹉在选择形状时是否完全依赖视觉线索，还是也会使用触觉。因此，答案是D。
27. D
解析：文章主要讲述了Goffin's cockatoos在实验中展现出的形状识别能力，它们能够选择正确的工具来取出坚果，这表明它们具有与两岁儿童相似的空间物体操作能力。因此，"Cockatoos: Skilful Shape-Sorters"(能干的形状分类器)作为文章标题最为合适。答案是D。
C
As Ginni Bazlinton reached Antarctica, she found herself greeted by a group of little Gentoo penguins(企鹅)longing to say hello. These gentle, lovely gatekeepers welcomed her and kick-started what was to be a trip Ginni would never forget.
Ever since her childhood, Ginni, now 71, has had a deep love for travel. throughout her career(职业)as a professional dancer, she toured in the UK, but always longed to explore further When she retired from dancing and her sons eventually flew the nest, she decided it was time to take the plunge.
After taking a degree at Chichester university in Related Arts, Ginni began to travel the world, eventually getting work teaching English in Japan and Chile.And it was in Chile she discovered she could get last-minute cheap deals on ships going to Antarctica from the islands off Tierra del Fuego, the southernmost tip of the South American mainland. "I just decided wanted to go," she says. "I had no idea about what I'd find there and I wasn't nervous, I just wanted to do it. And I wanted to do it alone as I always prefer it that way."
In March 2008, Ginni boarded a ship with 48 passengers she'd never met before, to begin the journey towards Antarctica. "From seeing the wildlife to witnessing sunrises, the whole experience was amazing.Antarctica left an impression on me that no other place has,"Ginni says."I remember the first time I saw a humpback whale;it just rose out of the water like some prehistoric creature and I thought it was smiling at us.You could still hear the operatic sounds it was making underwater."
The realization that this is a precious land,to be respected by humans,was one of the biggest things that hit home to Ginni.
28. Which of the following best explains "take the plunge"underlined in paragraph 2?
A. Try challenging things.B. Take a degree.
C. bring back lost memories.D. Stick to a promise.
29. What made Ginni decide on the trip to Antarctica?
A. Lovely penguins.B. Beautiful scenery.
C. A discount fare.D. A friend's invitation.
30. What does Ginni think about Antarctica after the journey?
A. It could be a home for her.B. It should be easily accessible.
C. It should be well preserved.D. It needs to be fully introduced.
31. What is the text mainly about?
A. A childhood dream.B. An unforgettable experience.
C. Sailing around the world.D. Meeting animals in Antarctica.
答案及解析：
28. A
解析：根据文章第二段的内容，Ginni在退休后决定去旅行，这是一种冒险的行为，"take the plunge"这个短语在这里指的是下定决心去做某事，尤其是冒险或挑战性的事情。因此，答案是A。
29. C
解析：根据文章第三段的内容，Ginni在智利发现她可以买到去南极洲的便宜船票，这是她决定去南极洲旅行的直接原因。"I just decided I wanted to go... And I wanted to do it alone as I always prefer it that way."表明是她自己决定的，没有提到是因为可爱的企鹅、美丽的风景或朋友的邀请。因此，答案是C。
30. C
解析：根据文章最后一段的内容，Ginni在南极洲的旅行让她意识到这是一片宝贵的土地，需要人类的尊重。"The realization that this is a precious land, to be respected by humans, was one of the biggest things that hit home to Ginni."这表明她认为南极洲应该得到良好的保护。因此，答案是C。
31. B
解析：文章主要讲述了Ginni Bazlinton的一次难忘的南极洲之旅，包括她的旅行动机、旅行经历以及旅行后的感悟。文章的标题应该能够概括整个故事的主题，"An unforgettable experience"(一次难忘的经历)最符合文章的内容。因此，答案是B。
D
Sometime in the early 1960s,a significant thing happened in Sydney, Australia.The city discovered its harbor.Then,one after another,Sydney discovered tots of things that were justsort of there-broad parks,superb beaches,and a culturally diverse population.But it is the harbor that makes the city.
Andrew Reynolds,a cheerful fellow in his early 30s,pilots Sydney ferryboats for a living.I spent the whole morning shuttling back and forth across the harbor.After our third run Andrew shut down the engine,and we went our separate ways-he for a lunch break,I to explore the city.
"I'll miss these old boats,"he said as we parted.
"How do you mean?"I asked.
"Oh,they're replacing them with catamarans.Catamarans are faster,but they're not so elegant,and they're not fun to pilot.Hut that's progress，I guess."
Everywhere in Sydney these days, change and progress are the watchwords(口号), and traditions are increasingly rare. Shirley Fitzgerald, the city's official historian, told me that in its rush to modernity in the 1970s, Sydney swept aside much of its past, including many of its finest buildings. "Sydney is confused about itself," she said."We can't seem to make up our minds whether we want a modern city or a traditional one.It's a conflict that we aren't getting any better at resolving(解决).”
On the other hand,being young and old at the same time has its attractions.I considered this when I met a thoughtful young businessman named Anthony."Many people say that we lack culture in this country,"he told me."What people forget is that the Italians,when they came to Australia,brought 2000 years of their culture,the Greeks some 3000 years,and the Chinese more still.We've got a foundation built on ancient cultures but with a drive and dynamism of a young country.It's a pretty hard combination to beat."
He is right,but I can't help wishing they would keep those old ferries.
32. What is the first paragraph mainly about?
A. Sydney's striking architecture. B. The cultural diversity of Sydney.
C. The key to Sydney's development. D. Sydney's tourist attractions in the 1960s.
33. What can we learn about Andrew Reynolds?
A. He goes to work by boat. B. He looks forward to a new life.
C. He pilots catamarans well. D. He is attached to the old ferries.
34. What does Shirley Fitzgerald think of Sydney?
A. It is losing its traditions.B. It should speed up its progress.
C. It should expand its population.D. It is becoming more international.
35. Which statement will the author probably agree with?
A. A city can be young and cad at the same time.
B. A city built on ancient cultures is more dynamic.
C. modernity is usually achieved at the cost of elegance.
D. Compromise should be made between the local and the foreign.
答案解析：
32. C
解析：第一段主要讲述了悉尼在20世纪60年代初发现了它的港口，随后发现了其他许多事物，但作者强调是港口让这个城市变得特别。"But it is the harbor that makes the city."这句话表明港口是悉尼发展的关键。因此，答案是C。
33. D
解析：根据文章中关于Andrew Reynolds的描述，他表达了对老渡船的留恋之情，"I'll miss these old boats," he said as we parted. 这表明他对于老渡船有着深厚的感情。因此，答案是D。
34. A
解析：根据文章中关于Shirley Fitzgerald的观点，她提到悉尼在追求现代化的过程中丢弃了很多传统，包括许多最好的建筑。"Sydney is confused about itself... It's a conflict that we aren't getting any better at resolving."这表明她认为悉尼正在失去其传统。因此，答案是A。
35. A
作者在文章最后一段提到“但同时年轻和年老也有它的吸引力”，并且前面还提到悉尼是建立在古老文化基础上的年轻国家，因此作者可能会同意“一个城市可以同时年轻和老练”的观点，即选项A。
2023年北京卷
第二部分 阅读理解(共两节，38分)
第一节(共28分)阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
The International Olympic Committee(IOC)Young Leaders programme empowers talents to make a positive difference in their communities through sport. Twenty-five Young Leaders are being selected every two years for a four-year period. They promote the Olympic values, spreading the message of sport for good.
To be an IOC Young Leader, you need to first complete the 4-Week Learning Sprint (冲刺).
4-Week Learning Sprint
The 4-Week Learning Sprint, which will take place during November 2023, is a virtual learning programme. The sessions can be attended live or watched back after they are made available on the IOC channel. Each week, participants will be asked to complete a topic﹣specific reflection task.
The 4-Week Learning Sprint is open to anyone, with the target audience aged between 20 and 28.
After successfully completing the 4-Week Learning Sprint, you will need to submit a plan for a sport﹣based project, which you will work on if selected as an IOC Young Leader.
Requirements for the Applicants
•You have successfully completed the 4-Week Learning Sprint.
•You have completed your high school studies.
•You have at least one year of work experience.
•You have strong public speaking skills.
•You are self-motivated and committed.
•You are passionate about creating positive change in your community.
•You are open to being coached and advised by experts and peers (同伴).
•You are able to work with people from different backgrounds.
21. In the 4-Week Learning Sprint, participants will ________.
A. create change in their community B. attend a virtual learning programme
C. meet people from different backgrounds D. promote the IOC Young Leaders project
22. If selected as an IOC Young Leader, one will need to ________.
A complete a reflection task each week B. watch sports on the IOC channel
C. work on a sport-based project D. coach and advise their peers
23. Which is a requirement for the applicants?
A. Spreading the message of sport for good. B. Having at least one-year work experience.
C. Showing great passion for project planning. D. Committing themselves to becoming an expert.
答案解析：
21. B. 根据文章中"The 4-Week Learning Sprint, which will take place during November 2023, is a virtual learning programme."这句话，可以得知参与者将参加一个虚拟学习项目。选项B与文章内容相符。
22. C. 根据文章中"After successfully completing the 4-Week Learning Sprint, you will need to submit a plan for a sport-based project, which you will work on if selected as an IOC Young Leader."这句话，可以得知如果被选为IOC青年领袖，需要提交一个基于体育的项目计划，并在此项目上工作。选项C与文章内容相符。
23. B. 根据文章中"Requirements for the Applicants"部分列出的要求，"You have at least one year of work experience."是申请者必须满足的条件之一。选项B与文章内容相符。
B
Sitting in the garden for my friend’s birthday. I felt a buzz (振动) in my pocket. My heart raced when I saw the email sender’s name. The email started off: “Dear Mr Green, thank you for your interest” and “the review process took longer than expected.” It ended with “We are sorry to inform you…” and my vision blurred (模糊). The position—measuring soil quality in the Sahara desert as part of an undergraduate research programme — had felt like the answer I had spent years looking for.
I had put so much time and emotional energy into applying, and I thought the rejection meant the end of the road for my science career.
So I was shocked when, not long after the email, professor Mary Devon, who was running the programme, invited me to observe the work being done in her lab. I jumped at the chance, and a few weeks later I was equally shocked—and overjoyed—when she invited me to talk with her about potential projects I could pursue in her lab. What she proposed didn’t seem as exciting as the original project I had applied to, but I was going to give it my all.
I found myself working with a robotics professor on techniques for collecting data from the desert remotely. that project, which I could complete from my sofa instead of in the burning heat of the desert, not only survived the lockdown but worked where traditional methods didn’t. In the end, I had a new scientific interest to pursue.
When I applied to graduate school, I found three programmes promising to allow me to follow my desired research direction. And I applied with the same anxious excitement as before. When I was rejected from one that had seemed like a perfect fit, it was undoubtedly difficult. But this time I had the perspective (视角) to keep it from sending me into panic. It helped that in the end I was accepted into one of the other programmes I was also excited about.
Rather than setting plans in stone, I’ve learned that sometimes I need to take the opportunities that are offered, even if they don’t sound perfect at the time, and make the most of them.
24. How did the author feel upon seeing the email sender’s name?
A. Anxious. B. Angry. C. Surprised. D. Settled.
25. After talking with Professor Devon, the author decided to ________.
A criticise the review process B. stay longer in the Sahara Desert
C. apply to the original project again D. put his heart and soul into the lab work
26. according to the author, the project with the robotics professor was ________.
A. demanding B. inspiring C. misleading D. amusing
27. What can we learn from this passage?
A. An invitation is a reputation. B. An innovation is a resolution.
C. A rejection can be a redirection. D. A reflection can be a restriction.
答案解析：
24. A.根据文章中的"My heart raced when I saw the email sender’s name."可知，作者看到邮件发送者的名字时，心跳加速，这表明他感到焦虑。选项A与文章内容相符。
25. D. 根据文章中的"What she proposed didn’t seem as exciting as the original project I had applied to, but I was going to give it my all."可知，尽管提议的项目不如最初申请的项目令人兴奋，但作者决定全力以赴。选项D与文章内容相符。
26. B. 根据文章中的"That project, which I could complete from my sofa instead of in the burning heat of the desert, not only survived the lockdown but worked where traditional methods didn’t."可知，这个项目不仅让作者在封锁期间能够继续工作，而且在传统方法无效的情况下取得了成功，这表明该项目是鼓舞人心的。选项B与文章内容相符。
27. C. 根据文章的整体内容，作者最初被拒绝后，最终找到了新的研究方向，并且被另一个研究生项目录取。这表明，一次拒绝可以成为重新定位的机会。选项C与文章内容相符。
C
In recent years, researchers from diverse fields have agreed that short-termism is now a significant problem in industrialised societies. The inability to engage with longer-term causes and consequences leads to some of the world’s most serious problems: climate change, biodiversity collapse, and more. The historian Francis Cole argues that the West has entered a period where “only the present exists, a present characterised at once by the cruelty of the instant and by the boredom of an unending now”.
It has been proved that people have a bias (偏向) towards the present, focusing on loud attractions in the moment at the expense of the health, well-being and financial stability of their future selves or community. In business, this bias surfaces as short-sighted decisions. And on slow-burning problems like climate change, it translates into the unwillingness to make small sacrifices (牺牲) today that could make a major difference tomorrow. Instead, all that matters is next quarter’s profit, or satisfying some other near-term desires.
These biased perspectives cannot be blamed on one single cause. It is fair to say, though, that our psychological biases play a major role. People’s hesitancy to delay satisfaction is the most obvious example, but there are others. One of them is about how the most accessible information in the present affects decisions about the future. For instance, you might hear someone say: “It’s cold this winter, so I needn’t worry about global warming.”Another is that loud and urgent matters are given too much importance, making people ignore longer-term trends that arguably matter more. This is when a pop star draws far more attention than, say, gradual biodiversity decline.
As a psychologist once joked, if aliens (外星人) wanted to weaken humanity, they wouldn’t send ships; they would invent climate change. Indeed, when it comes to environmental transformations, we can develop a form of collective “poor memory”, and each new generation can believe the state of affairs they encounter is nothing out of the ordinary. Older people today, for example, can remember a time with insect-covered car windscreens after long drives. Children, on the other hand, have no idea that insect population has dropped dramatically.
28. The author quotes Francis Cole mainly to ________.
A. draw a comparison B. introduce a topic C. evaluate a statement D. highlight a problem
29. What can be inferred from the last paragraph?
A. Climate change has been forgotten.
B. Lessons of history are highly valued.
C. The human mind is bad at noting slow change.
D. Humans are unwilling to admit their shortcomings.
30. What does the author intend to tell us?
A. Far-sighted thinking matters to humans.
B. Humans tend to make long-term sacrifices.
C. current policies facilitate future decision-making.
D. Bias towards the present helps reduce near-term desires.
答案解析：
28. D.作者引用Francis Cole的话是为了强调短期主义导致的问题，即“现在唯一存在，现在的特点是瞬间的残酷和无尽的现在的无聊”。这与文章主题相符，即短期主义是工业化社会的一个严重问题。因此，作者引用Francis Cole的话是为了突出这个问题，答案为D。
29. C. 根据最后一段的内容，作者讨论了人类对于环境变化的“集体健忘”，以及每一代人可能认为他们所遇到的情况是正常的。这表明人类的大脑不擅长注意到缓慢的变化。选项C与文章内容相符。
30. A. 文章整体讨论了短期主义的问题，以及人们如何因为对当下的偏向而忽视了长期的影响。作者通过这些讨论意在告诉我们，具有远见的思考对人类来说很重要。选项A与文章内容相符。
D
What is life? Like most great questions, this one is easy to ask but difficult to answer. The reason is simple: we know of just one type of life and it’s challenging to do science with a sample size of one. The field of artificial life-called ALife for short — is the systematic attempt to spell out life’s fundamental principles. Many of these practitioners, so-called ALifers, think that somehow making life is the surest way to really understand what life is.
So far no one has convincingly made artificial life. This track record makes ALife a ripe target for criticism, such as declarations of the field’s doubtful scientific value. Alan Smith, a complexity scientist, is tired of such complaints. Asking about “the point” of ALife might be, well, missing the point entirely, he says. “The existence of a living system is not about the use of anything.” Alan says. “Some people ask me, ‘So what’s the worth of artificial life?’ Do you ever think, ‘What is the worth of your grandmother?’”
As much as many ALifers hate emphasizing their research’s applications, the attempts to create artificial life could have practical payoffs. Artificial intelligence may be considered ALife’s cousin in that researchers in both fields are enamored by a concept called open-ended evolution (演化). This is the capacity for a system to create essentially endless complexity, to be a sort of “novelty generator”. The only system known to exhibit this is Earth’s biosphere. If the field of ALife manages to reproduce life’s endless “creativity” in some virtual model, those same principles could give rise to truly inventive machines.
Compared with the developments of Al, advances in ALife are harder to recognize. One reason is that ALife is a field in which the central concept — life itself — is undefined. The lack of agreement among ALifers doesn’t help either. The result is a diverse line of projects that each advance along their unique paths. For better or worse, ALife mirrors the very subject it studies. Its muddled (混乱) progression is a striking parallel (平行线) to the evolutionary struggles that have shaped Earth biosphere.
Undefined and uncontrolled, ALife drives its followers to repurpose old ideas and generated novelty. It may be, of course, that these characteristics aren’t in any way surprising or singular. They may apply universally to all acts of evolution. Ultimately ALife may be nothing special. But even this dismissal suggests something：perhaps, just like life itself throughout the universe, the rise of ALife will prove unavoidable.
31. Regarding Alan Smith’s defence of ALife, the author is .
A. supportive B. puzzled C. unconcerned D. doubtful
32. What does the word “enamored” underlined in paragraph 3 most probably mean?
A. Shocked. B. Protected. C. Attracted. D. Challenged.
33. What can we learn from this passage?
A. ALife holds the key to human future. B. ALife and AI share a common feature.
C. AI mirrors the developments of ALife. D. AI speeds up the process of human evolution.
34. Which would be the best title for the passage?
A. Life Is Undefined. Can AI Be a Way Out?
B. Life Evolves. Can AI Help ALife Evolve, Too?
C. Life Is Undefined. Can ALife Be Defined One Day?
D. Life Evolves. Can Attempts to Create ALife Evolve, Too?
答案解析：
31. A. 作者在文中引用了Alan Smith对ALife领域的辩护，并且没有提出任何批评或质疑，这表明作者对Alan Smith的观点是支持的。选项A与文章内容相符。
32. C. 根据上下文，"enamored"这个词用来描述研究人员对开放性演化的概念感兴趣和着迷。选项C "Attracted"与这种情感状态相符。
33. B. 根据第三段的内容，ALife和人工智能都被开放性演化的概念所吸引，这表明两者有共同的特征。选项B与文章内容相符。
34. D. 文章讨论了ALife领域的尝试和挑战，以及它如何模仿生命的演化过程。选项D作为标题，最能概括文章的主题和讨论内容。
2023年新高考I卷
第二部分 阅读(共两节，满分50分)
第一节(共15小题;每小题2.5分，满分37.5分)
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。
A
Bike Rental & Guided Tours
Welcome to Amsterdam, welcome to MacBike. You see much more from the seat of a bike! Cycling is the most economical, sustainable and fun way to explore the city, with its beautiful canals, parks, squares and countless lights. You can also bike along lovely landscapes outside of Amsterdam.
Why MacBike
MacBike has been around for almost 30 years and is the biggest bicycle rental company in Amsterdam. With over 2,500 bikes stored in our five rental shops at strategic locations, we make sure there is always a bike available for you. We offer the newest bicycles in a wide variety, including basic bikes with foot brake (刹车), bikes with hand brake and gears (排挡), bikes with child seats, and children’s bikes.
Prices
Guided City Tours
The 2.5-hour tour covers the Gooyer Windmill, the Skinny Bridge, the Rijksmuseum, Heineken Brewery and much more. The tour departs from Dam Square every hour on the hour, starting at 1:00 pm every day. You can buy your ticket in a MacBike shop or book online.
21. What is an advantage of MacBike?
A. It gives children a discount. B. It offers many types of bikes.
C. It organizes free cycle tours. D. It has over 2,500 rental shops.
22. How much do you pay for renting a bike with hand brake and three gears for two days?
A. €15.75. B. €19.50. C. €22.75. D. €29.50.
23. Where does the guided city tour start?
A. The Gooyer, Windmill. B. The Skinny Bridge.
C. Heineken Brewery. D. Dam Square.
答案解析：
21. B.
在Why MacBike部分中提到，MacBike拥有超过2500辆自行车，提供多种最新款式的自行车，包括基本款、带手刹和排挡的自行车、带儿童座椅的自行车和儿童自行车。因此，MacBike的一个优势是提供多种类型的自行车，选项B正确。
22. C.
根据Prices表格中的数据，带手刹和三个排挡的自行车的租金为每天€14.75，额外增加天数每天8欧元。因此租用两天的费用为€14.75+€8=€22.75，选项B为正确答案。
23. D.
在Guided City Tours部分中提到，“The tour departs from Dam Square every hour on the hour，starting at 1:00 pm every day.”，即导游城市游每天下午1点开始，每小时从Dam Square出发一次。因此，答案为D，即导游城市游从Dam Square开始。
B
When John Todd was a child, he loved to explore the woods around his house, observing how nature solved problems. A dirty stream, for example, often became clear after flowing through plants and along rocks where tiny creatures lived. When he got older, John started to wonder if this process could be used to clean up the messes people were making.
After studying agriculture, medicine, and fisheries in college, John went back to observing nature and asking questions. Why can certain plants trap harmful bacteria (细菌)? Which kinds of fish can eat cancer-causing chemicals? With the right combination of animals and plants, he figured, maybe he could clean up waste the way nature did. He decided to build what he would later call an eco-machine.
The task John set for himself was to remove harmful substances from some sludge (污泥). First, he constructed a series of clear fiberglass tanks connected to each other. Then he went around to local ponds and streams and brought back some plants and animals. He placed them in the tanks and waited. Little by little, these different kinds of life got used to one another and formed their own ecosystem. After a few weeks, John added the sludge.
He was amazed at the results. The plants and animals in the eco-machine took the sludge as food and began to eat it! within weeks, it had all been digested, and all that was left was pure water.
Over the years, John has taken on many big jobs. He developed a greenhouse-like facility that treated sewage (污水) from 1,600 homes in South Burlington. He also designed an eco-machine to clean canal water in Fuzhou, a city in southeast China.
“Ecological design” is the name John gives to what he does. “Life on Earth is kind of a box of spare parts for the inventor,” he says. “You put organisms in new relationships and observe what’s happening. Then you let these new systems develop their own ways to self-repair.”
24. What can we learn about John from the first two paragraphs?
A. He was fond of traveling. B. He enjoyed being alone.
C. He had an inquiring mind. D. He longed to be a doctor.
25. Why did John put the sludge into the tanks?
A. To feed the animals. B. To build an ecosystem.
C. To protect the plants. D. To test the eco-machine.
26. What is the author’s purpose in mentioning Fuzhou?
A. To review John’s research plans.
B. To show an application of John’s idea.
C. To compare John’s different jobs.
D. To erase doubts about John’s invention.
27. What is the basis for John’s work?
A. Nature can repair itself. B. Organisms need water to survive.
C. Life on Earth is diverse. D. Most tiny creatures live in groups.
答案解析：
24. 根据第一段"When John Todd was a child, he loved to explore the woods around his house, observing how nature solved problems."可知，John小时候喜欢探索周围的树林，并观察自然如何解决问题，这表明他具有好奇心和探究精神。因此选C。
25. 根据第四段"First, he constructed a series of clear fiberglass tanks connected to each other... After a few weeks, John added the sludge."可知，John建立了一系列的玻璃纤维罐，并在其中加入了污泥，这是为了测试他的生态机器是否能够清理有害物质。因此选D。
26. 提到福州是为了展示John的想法在一个实际项目中的应用。文中提到"He also designed an eco-machine to clean canal water in Fuzhou, a city in southeast China."这表明John的设计被应用到了实际中，用以清理福州的运河水。因此选B。
27. 根据最后一段“Ecological design” is the name John gives to what he does. “Life on Earth is kind of a box of spare parts for the inventor,” he says. “You put organisms in new relationships and observe what’s happening. Then you let these new systems develop their own ways to self-repair.”可知，John的工作基础是生命可以在新的关系中自我修复，这正是自然自我修复的能力。因此选A。
C
The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism, including a detailed exploration of what it asks and why it works, and then to teach you how to adopt this philosophy if you decide it’s right for you.
To do so, I divided the book into two parts. In part one, I describe the philosophical foundations of digital minimalism, starting with an examination of the forces that are making so many people’s digital lives increasingly intolerable, before moving on to a detailed discussion of the digital minimalism philosophy.
Part one concludes by introducing my suggested method for adopting this philosophy: the digital declutter. This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days. At the end of the thirty days, you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that you believe will provide massive benefits to the things you value.
In the final chapter of part one, I’ll guide you through carrying out your own digital declutter. In doing so, I’ll draw on an experiment I ran in 2018 in which over 1,600 people agreed to perform a digital declutter. You’ll hear these participants’ stories and learn what strategies worked well for them, and what traps they encountered that you should avoid.
The second part of this book takes a closer look at some ideas that will help you cultivate (培养) a sustainable digital minimalism lifestyle. In these chapters, I examine issues such as the importance of solitude (独处) and the necessity of cultivating high-quality leisure to replace the time most now spend on mindless device use. Each chapter concludes with a collection of practices, which are designed to help you act on the big ideas of the chapter. You can view these practices as a toolbox meant to aid your efforts to build a minimalist lifestyle that works for your particular circumstances.
28. What is the book aimed at?
A. Teaching critical thinking skills.
B. Advocating a simple digital lifestyle.
C. Solving philosophical problems.
D. Promoting the use of a digital device.
29. What does the underlined word “declutter” in paragraph 3 mean?
A. Clear-up. B. Add-on. C. Check-in. D. Take-over.
30. What is presented in the final chapter of part one?
A. Theoretical models. B. Statistical methods.
C. practical examples. D. historical analyses.
31. What does the author suggest readers do with the practices offered in part two?
A. Use them as needed. B. recommend them to friends.
C. Evaluate their effects. D. Identify the ideas behind them.
答案解析：
28. 根据第一段"The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism..."可知，这本书的目标是提倡数字极简主义，即一种简单的数字生活方式。因此选B。
29. 根据第三段"This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days..."可知，"declutter"这个过程要求读者暂时远离可选的在线活动，并在30天后有选择地恢复一些活动，这意味着这个词的意思是清理或简化。因此选A。
30. 根据第四段"In doing so, I’ll draw on an experiment I ran in 2018 in which over 1,600 people agreed to perform a digital declutter. You’ll hear these participants’ stories and learn what strategies worked well for them, and what traps they encountered that you should avoid."可知，最后一章提供了2018年的一项实验，其中1600多人同意进行数字清理，并分享了他们的故事和策略，这些都是实际的例子。因此选C。
31. 根据最后一段"Each chapter concludes with a collection of practices, which are designed to help you act on the big ideas of the chapter. You can view these practices as a toolbox meant to aid your efforts to build a minimalist lifestyle that works for your particular circumstances."可知，作者建议读者将这些实践视为工具箱，根据个人情况需要时使用它们来构建适合自己的极简生活方式。因此选A。
D
On March 7, 1907, the English statistician Francis Galton published a paper which illustrated what has come to be known as the “wisdom of crowds” effect. The experiment of estimation he conducted showed that in some cases, the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate.
This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people’s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down.
But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist (转折) on this classic phenomenon. The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals.
In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates? Did they follow those least willing to change their minds? This happened some of the time, but it wasn’t the dominant response. Most frequently, the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together.” Somehow, these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error. Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain, the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous.
32. What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about?
A. The methods of estimation.
B. The underlying logic of the effect.
C. The causes of people’s errors.
D. The design of Galton’s experiment.
33. Navajas’ study found that the average accuracy could increase even if
________.
A. the crowds were relatively small
B. there were occasional underestimates
C. individuals did not communicate
D. estimates were not fully independent
34. What did the follow-up study focus on?
A. The size of the groups.
B. The dominant members.
C. The discussion process.
D. The individual estimates.
35. What is the author’s attitude toward Navajas’ studies?
A. Unclear. B. Dismissive.
C. Doubtful. D. Approving.
答案解析：
32. 第二段主要讲述了群体智慧效应背后的逻辑，即人们的错误不是总是相同的，一些人倾向于高估，而另一些人倾向于低估，当这些错误平均在一起时，它们会相互抵消，从而得出更准确的估计。因此选B。
33.第三段提到，当人群被进一步分成允许讨论的小组时，这些小组的平均值比相同数量的独立个体的平均值更准确。这表明即使估计不是完全独立的，平均准确性也可以提高。因此，答案是D。
34. 根据第四段"In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion."可知，后续研究关注的是小组讨论过程中成员们实际做了什么。因此选C。
35. 根据最后一段"Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain, the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous."可知，尽管Navajas的研究存在局限性，还有很多问题待解答，但作者认为这些研究对于群体讨论和决策制定的潜在影响是巨大的。这表明作者对Navajas的研究是持认可态度的。因此选D。
2023年全国甲卷
A
Where to Eat in Bangkok
Bangkok is a highly desirable destination for food lovers. It has a seemingly bottomless well of dining options. Here are some suggestions on where to start your Bangkok eatingadventure.
Nahm
Offering Thai fine dining. Nahm provides the best of Bangkok culinary(烹饪的)experiences. It's the only Thair restaurant that ranks among the top 10 of the word's 50 best restaurants list. Head Chef David Thompson. Who received a Michelin star for his Loodon-based Thai restaurant of the same name,opened this branch in the Metropolitan Hotel in 2010.
Issays Stamese Club
Issaya Siamese Club is intematoionally know Thai chef lan Kittichai's first flagship Bangkok restau-rant. The menu in this beautiful colonial house includes traditional Thai cuisine combined with modem cooking methods.
Bo.tan
Bo.tan has been makin waves in Bangkok's culinary sene since it opened in 2009. Serving hard-to-find Thai dishes in an elegant atmosphere, the restaurant is true to Thai cuisine's roots,yet still manages to add a wpecial twist. This place is good for a candle-lit dinner or a work meeting with colleagues who appreciate fine food. For those extremely hungry there's a large set menu.
Gaggan
Earning first place on the lates "Asia's 50 best restaurants" list, progressive Indian restaurant Gag-gan is one of the most exciting venues(场所) to arrive in Bangkok in recent years. The best table in this two-story colonial Thai home offers a window right into the kitchen, where you can see chef Gaggan and his staff in action. Culinary theater at its best.
21.What do Nahm and Issaya Siamese Club have in common?
A.They adp modern cooking methods.
B.They have branches in London.
C.They have top-class chefs.
D.They have based in hotcls.
22.Which restaurant offers a large set menu?
A.Gaggan.
B.Bo.Lan.
C.Issaya Siamese Club.
D.Nahm.
23.What is special about Gaggan?
A.It hires staff from India.
B.It puts on a play every day.
C.It serves hard-to-find local dishes.
D.It shows the cooking process to guests.
答案及解析：
21. C. They have top-class chefs.
文章中提到Nahm的Head Chef David Thompson曾在伦敦获得米其林星级，而Issaya Siamese Club是国际知名的泰国厨师Ian Kittichai的首家旗舰餐厅。因此，两者共同点是它们都有顶级的厨师。
22. B. Bo.Lan.
根据文章中的描述，"For those extremely hungry there's a large set menu" 提到了Bo.tan餐厅有为非常饿的顾客提供大份套餐菜单，因此答案是Bo.tan。
23. D. It shows the cooking process to guests.
文章中关于Gaggan的描述提到，"The best table in this two-story colonial Thai home offers a window right into the kitchen, where you can see chef Gaggan and his staff in action." 这表明Gaggan的特色是它能让顾客直接看到厨房内的烹饪过程，因此答案是D。
B
Terri Boltonis a dab hand when it comes to DIY(do-it-yourself). Skillde at putting up shelves and piecing together furniture,she never pays someone else to do a job she can do herself.
She credits these skills to her late grandfather and builder Derek Lloyd. From the age of six,Terri,now 26,accompanied Derek to work during her school holidays. A day's work was rewarded with & 5 in pocket money. She says:"I'm sure I wasn't much of a help to start with. painting the rooms and putting down the flooring throughout the house. It took weeks and is was backbreaking work,but I know he was proud of my skills."
Terri, who now rents abhouse with friends in Wandsworth, South West London, says DIY also saves her from losing any deposit when a tenancy(租期)comes to an end. She adds:"I've moved house many times and I alwsys like to personalise my room and put up pictures, So, it's been useful to know how to cover up holes and repaint a room to avoid any charges when I've moved out"
With millions of people likely to take on DIY projects over tha coming weeks, new research shows that more than half of people are planning to make the most of the long, warm summer days to get jobs done. The average spend per project will be around s 823. Two thirds of people aim to improve their comfort while at home. T fifth wish to increase the value of their house. Thouth DIY hsa traditionally been seen as male hobby, the research shows it is women now leading the charge.
24.Which is closest in meaning to"a dab hand" in paragraph 1?
A.An artist.
B.A winner.
C.A specialist.
D.A pioneer.
25.Why did Terri's grandfather give her f 5 a day?
A.For a birthday gift.
B.As a treat for her work.
C.To support her DIY projects.
D.Toencourage her to take up a hobby.
26.How did Terri avoid losing the deposit on the house she rented?
A.By making it look like before.
B.By furmishing it herself.
C.By splitting the rent with a roommate.
D.By cancelling the rental agreement.
27.What trend in DIY does the research show?
A.It is becoming more costly.
B.It is getting more time-consuming.
C.It is turning into a seasonal industry.
D.It is gaining popularity among females.
答案及解析：
24. C. A specialist.
在第一段中，"a dab hand" 这个短语用来形容Terri Bolton在DIY方面非常擅长。这个短语的意思是指在某方面非常熟练或专业的人。因此，"a specialist" 与 "a dab hand" 在意义上最接近。
25. B. As a treat for her work.
文章中提到，Terri从六岁开始就在学校假期陪同她的祖父Derek Lloyd工作，并且一天的工作后会得到5英镑的零花钱。这表明这笔钱是作为她工作的奖励，而不是生日礼物、支持她的DIY项目或鼓励她培养爱好。
26. A. By making it look like before.
文章中提到，Terri知道如何掩盖洞孔和重新粉刷房间，以避免搬出时被扣保证金。这意味着她通过将房间恢复到原来的样子来避免失去押金。
27. D. It is gaining popularity among females.
文章最后一段提到，尽管DIY传统上被视为男性的爱好，但研究表明现在是由女性在引领这一潮流。这表明DIY正在女性中变得越来越受欢迎。
C
I was about 13 when an uncle gave me a copy of Jostein Gaarder's Sophie's World. It was full of ideas that were new to me, so I spent the summer with my head in and out of that book. It spoke to me and brought me into a world of philosophy(哲学).
That love for philosophy lasted until I got to college. Nothing kills the love for philsosphy faster than people who think they understand Foucault, Baudrillard, or Confucius better than you - and then try to explain them.
Eric weiner's The Socrates Express: In search of Life Lessons from Dead Philosophers reawakened my love for philssophy. It is not an explanation, but an invitation to think and experience philosophy.
Weiner stara each chapter with a scene on a train ride between cities and then frames each philosopher's work in the centext(背景)of one thing they can help us do better. The end result is a read in which we learn to wonder like Socrates, see like Thoreau, listen like Schopenhauer, and have no re-grets like Nietzsche. This, more than a book about undestanding philosophy ,is a book abour learning to use philosophy to improve a life.
He makes philosopical thought an appealing exercise that improves the quality of our experiences,and he does so with plenty of humor. Weiner enters into conversation with some of the most important philosophers in history,and he becomes part of that crowd in the process by decoding(解读)their mssages and adding his own interpretation.
The Socrates express is a fun, sharp book that draws readers in with its apparent simplicity and grad-ually pulls them in deeper thoughts on desire, loneliness, and aging. The invitation is clear: Weiner wants you to pick up a coffee or tea and sit down with this book. I encourage you to take his offer. It's worth your time, even if time is something we don't have a lot of.
28.Who opened the door to philosophy for the author?
A.Foucault.
B.Eric Weiner.
C.Jostein Gaarder.
D.A college teacher.
29.Why does the author list great philosophers in paragraph 4?
A.To compare Weiner with them.
B.To give examples of great works.
C.To praise their writing skills.
D.To help readers understand Weiners book.
30.What does the author like about The Socrates Express?
A.Its views on history are well-presented.
B.Its ideas can be applied to daily life.
C.It includes comments from readers.
D.It leaves an open ending.
31.What does the author think of Weiners book?
A.Objective and plain.
B.Daring and ambitious.
C.Serious and hard to follow.
D.Humorous and straightforward.
答案及解析：
28. C. Jostein Gaarder.
解析：根据第一段，作者是在大约13岁时通过他叔叔送的一本Jostein Gaarder的《Sophie's World》开始接触哲学的。这本书为作者打开了哲学的大门。
29. D. To help readers understand Weiner's book.
解析：在第四段中，作者列举了一些伟大的哲学家，并解释了Weiner是如何将每位哲学家的作品与我们可以通过它们做得更好的某件事联系起来。这样的列举有助于读者理解Weiner的书是如何将哲学思想与实际生活相结合的。
30. B. Its ideas can be applied to daily life.
解析：根据第四段，Weiner的书不仅仅是一本关于理解哲学的书，而是一本关于学习如何使用哲学来改善生活的书。这表明作者喜欢《The Socrates Express》的原因是它的想法可以应用于日常生活。
31. D. Humorous and straightforward.
解析：在最后一段，作者提到Weiner的书是“fun, sharp”，并且他用幽默的方式使哲学思想变得吸引人。这表明作者认为Weiner的书既幽默又直接。
D
Grizaly bears, which may grow to about 2.5m long and weigh over 400kg, occupy a conflicted cor-ner of the American psyche-we rever(敬畏) them even as they give us frightening dreams. Ask the tour-ists from around the world that flood into Yellowstone National Park what they most hope to see, and their answer is often the same: a grizzly bear.
"Grizzly bears are re-occupying large areas of their former range," says bear biologist Chris Servheen. As grizzly bears expand their range into places where they haven't been seen in a century or more,they're incresingly being sighted by humans.
The western half of the U.S. was full of grizzlies when Eurpeans came, with a rough number of 50,000 or more living alongside native Americans. By the early 1970s, after centuries of cruel and continu-ous hunting by settlers, 600 to 800 grizzlies remained on a mere 2 percent of their former range in the Northern Rockies. In 1975, grizzlies were listed under the Endangered Species Act.
Today, there are about 2,000 or more grizzly bears in the U.S. Their recovery has been so suecess-ful that the U.S. Fish and wildlife service has twice attempted to de-list grizzlies, which would loosen legal protections and allow them to be hunted. Both efforts were overturned due to lawsuits from conserva-tion groups. For now, grizzlies remain listed.
Obviously,if precautions(预防)aren't taken, grizzlies can become troublesome, sometimes killing farm animals or walking through yards in search of food. If people remove food and attractants from their yards and campsites, grizzlies will typically pass by without trouble. Putting electric fencing around chicken houses and other farm animal quarters is also highly effective at getting grizzlies away."Our hope is to have a clean, attractant-free place where bears ean pass through without learning bad habits," says James Jonkel, longtime biologist who manages bears in and around Missoula.
32.How do Americans look at grizlies?
A.They cause mixed feelings in people.
B.They should be kept in national parks.
C.They are of high scientific value.
D.They are a symbol of American culture.
33.What has helped the increase of the grizzly population?
A.The European settlers' behavior.
B.The expansion of bears' range.
C.The protection by law since 1975.
D.The support of Native Americans.
34.What has stopped the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service from de-listing grizzlies?
A.The opposition of conservation groups.
B.The successful comeback of grizzlies.
C.The voice of the biologists.
D.The local farmers'advocates.
35.What can be ierere from the last paragraph?
A.Food should be provided for grizzlies.
B.People can live in harmony with grizzlies.
C.A special path should be built for grizzlies.
D.Technology can be itroduced to protect grizzlies.
答案及解析：
32. A. They cause mixed feelings in people.
解析：根据第一段，灰熊在美国人的心理中占据着一个矛盾的位置——人们既敬畏它们，它们又给人们带来恐怖的梦境。这表明美国人对灰熊有着复杂的感情。
33. C. The protection by law since 1975.
解析：第三段提到，到20世纪70年代初，灰熊的数量减少到仅占其原始范围2%的地区，1975年，灰熊被列入《濒危物种法案》。随后提到现在灰熊的数量大约有2000只左右，说明是法律保护帮助了灰熊数量的增加。
34. A. The opposition of conservation groups.
解析：第四段提到，美国鱼类和野生动物服务局曾两次试图将灰熊从名单上除名，但由于保护组织的诉讼，这两次努力都被否决了。这说明是保护组织的反对阻止了灰熊被除名。
35. B. People can live in harmony with grizzlies.
解析：最后一段提到，如果人们采取措施，比如清除院子里的食物和诱饵，安装电网围栏等，灰熊通常不会造成麻烦。James Jonkel希望有一个没有诱饵的地方，让熊可以通过而不会养成坏习惯。这表明人们可以与灰熊和谐共处。
2023年新高考全国II卷
A
Yellowstone National Park offers a variety of ranger programs throughout the park, and throughout the year. The following are descriptions of the ranger programs this summer.
Experiencing Wildlife in Yellowstone(May 26 to September 2)
Whether you’re hiking a backcountry trail(小径), camping, or just enjoying the park’s amazing wildlife from the road, this quick workshop is for you and your family. Learn where to look for animals and how to safely enjoy your wildlife watching experience. Meet at the Canyon Village Store.
Junior Ranger Wildlife Olympics(June 5 to August 21)
Kids can test their skills and compare their abilities to the animals of Yellowstone. Stay for as little or as long as your plans allow. Meet in front of the Visitor Education Center.
Canyon Talks at artist Point(June 9 to September 2)
From a classic viewpoint, enjoy Lower Falls, the Yellowstone River, and the breathtaking colors of the canyon(峡谷)while learning about the area’s natural and human history. discover why artists and photographers continue to be drawn to this special place. Meet on the lower platform at artist Point on the South Rim Drive for this short talk.
Photography Workshops(June 19& July 10)
Enhance your photography skills—join Yellowstone’s park photographer for a hands-on program to inspire new and creative ways of enjoying the beauty and wonder of Yellowstone.
6/19-Waterfalls &Wide Angles: meet at Artist Point.
7/10-Wildflowers &White Balance: meet at Washburn Trailhead in Chittenden parking area.
21. Which of the four programs begins the earliest?
A. Photography Workshops. B. Junior Ranger Wildlife Olympics.
C. Canyon Talks at Artist Point. D. Experiencing Wildlife in Yellowstone.
22. What is the short talk at Artist Point about?
A. Works of famous artists. B. protection of wild animals.
C. basic photography skills. D. History of the canyon area.
23. Where will the participants meet for the July 10 photography workshop?
A. Artist Point. B. Washburn Trailhead.
C. Canyon Village Store. D. Visitor Education Center.
答案及解析：
21.D. Experiencing Wildlife in Yellowstone.
根据文章内容，Experiencing Wildlife in Yellowstone的日期是5月26日至9月2日，是这四个项目中开始得最早的。
22. D. History of the canyon area。
根据Canyon Talks at Artist Point的描述，这个短讲是在Artist Point进行的，参与者可以一边欣赏Lower Falls和峡谷的壮丽色彩，一边了解该地区的自然和人类历史。因此，这个短讲是关于大峡谷地区的历史。
23. B. Washburn Trailhead。
在Photography Workshops部分中，明确指出7月10日的Wildflowers & White Balance摄影工作坊的集合地点是在Washburn Trailhead in Chittenden parking area。所以参与者将在Washburn Trailhead集合。
B
Turning soil, pulling weeds, and harvesting cabbage sound like tough work for middle and high school kids. And at first it is, says Abby Jaramillo, who with another teacher started Urban Sprouts, a school garden program at four low-income schools. The program aims to help students develop science skills, environmental awareness, and healthy lifestyles.
Jaramillo’s students live in neighborhoods where fresh food and green space are not easy to find and fast food restaurants outnumber grocery stores. "The kids literally come to school with bags of snacks and large bottles of soft drinks," she says. "They come to us thinking vegetables are awful, dirt is awful, insects are awful." though some are initially scared of the insects and turned off by the dirt, most are eager to try something new.
Urban Sprouts’ classes, at two middle schools and two high schools, include hands-on experiments such as soil testing, flower-and-seed dissection, tastings of fresh or dried produce, and work in the garden. Several times a year, students cook the vegetables they grow, and they occasionally make salads for their entire schools.
Program evaluations show that kids eat more vegetables as a result of the classes. "We have students who say they went home and talked to their parents and now they’re eating differently," Jaramillo says.
She adds that the program’s benefits go beyond nutrition. Some students get so interested in gardening that they bring home seeds to start their own vegetable gardens. Besides, working in the garden seems to have a calming effect on Jaramillo’s special education students, many of whom have emotional control issues. "They get outside," she says, "and they feel successful."
24. What do we know about Abby Jaramillo?
A. She used to be a health worker. B. She grew up in a low-income family.
C. She owns a fast food restaurant. D. She is an initiator of Urban Sprouts.
25. What was a problem facing Jaramillo at the start of the program?
A. The kids’ parents distrusted her. B. Students had little time for her classes.
C. Some kids disliked garden work. D. There was no space for school gardens.
26. Which of the following best describes the impact of the program?
A. Far-reaching. B. Predictable. C. Short-lived. D. Unidentifiable.
27. What can be a suitable title for the text?
A. Rescuing School Gardens B. Experiencing country Life
C. Growing Vegetable Lovers D. Changing local Landscape
答案及解析：
24. D. She is an initiator of Urban Sprouts.
文章第一段提到Abby Jaramillo和另一位老师一起启动了Urban Sprouts项目，说明她是这个项目的发起人之一。
25. C. Some kids disliked garden work.
文章第二段提到，尽管有些学生一开始害怕昆虫，不喜欢泥土，但大多数学生都渴望尝试新事物。这表明在项目开始时，Jaramillo面临的问题是有些孩子不喜欢园艺工作。
26. A. Far-reaching.
文章最后一段提到项目的好处不仅限于营养，一些学生因此对园艺产生兴趣，甚至在家中种植自己的蔬菜，而且对特殊教育学生有镇静效果。这说明项目的影响是深远的。
27. C. Growing Vegetable Lovers.
文章主要讲述了Urban Sprouts项目如何帮助学生改变对蔬菜的看法，培养他们对园艺的兴趣，并改善他们的饮食习惯。因此，"Growing Vegetable Lovers"最能概括文章的主题。其他选项要么与文章内容不符，要么涵盖的范围太广。
C
Reading Art: Art for book Lovers is a celebration of an everyday object-the book, represented here in almost three hundred artworks from museums around the world. The image of the reader appears throughout history, in art made long before books as we now know them came into being. In artists’ representations of books and reading, we see moments of shared humanity that go beyond culture and time.
In this "book of books,” artworks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these connections between different eras and cultures. We see scenes of children learning to read at home or at school, with the book as a focus for relations between the generations. Adults are portrayed(描绘)alone in many settings and poses—absorbed in a volume, deep in thought or lost in a moment of leisure. These scenes may have been painted hundreds of years ago, but they record moments we can all relate to.
Books themselves may be used symbolically in paintings to demonstrate the intellect(才智), wealth or faith of the subject. Before the wide use of the printing press, books were treasured objects and could be works of art in their own right. More recently, as books have become inexpensive or even throwaway, artists have used them as the raw material for artworks-transforming covers, pages or even complete volumes into paintings and sculptures.
Continued developments in communication technologies were once believed to make the printed page outdated. From a 21st-century point of view, the printed book is certainly ancient, but it remains as interactive as any battery-powered e-reader. To serve its function, a book must be activated by a user: the cover opened, the pages parted, the contents reviewed, perhaps notes written down or words underlined. And in contrast to our increasingly networked lives where the information we consume is monitored and tracked, a printed book still offers the chance of a wholly private, “off-line” activity.
28. Where is the text most probably taken from?
A. An introduction to a book. B. An essay on the art of writing.
C. A guidebook to a museum. D. A review of modern paintings.
29. What are the selected artworks about?
A. Wealth and intellect. B. Home and school.
C. Books and reading. D. Work and leisure.
30. What do the underlined words “relate to” in paragraph 2 mean?
A. Understand. B. Paint. C. Seize. D. Transform.
31. What does the author want to say by mentioning the e-reader?
A. The printed book is not totally out of date. B. technology has changed the way we read.
C. Our lives in the 21st century are networked. D. People now rarely have the patience to read.
答案及解析：
28. A. An introduction to a book.
文章开头提到了"Reading Art: Art for Book Lovers"这本书，并且描述了书的内容和特点，如艺术品的选择和排列方式，以及书籍在不同文化和时代之间的联系。这些信息表明这篇文章很可能是书籍的简介。
29. C. Books and reading.
文章第一段提到了这本书是对书籍这一日常物品的庆祝，并且展示了与阅读和书籍相关的艺术作品。第二段也提到了艺术作品中的书籍和阅读场景，所以选C项。
30. A. Understand.
在第二段中，"relate to"这个词组用来描述即使是几百年前的画作也能记录下我们都能理解的时刻。这里的"relate to"意味着能够理解或与某事物产生共鸣。
31. A. The printed book is not totally out of date.
在最后一段，作者提到尽管从21世纪的角度来看，印刷书籍可能显得古老，但它仍然和任何电子阅读器一样具有互动性。这表明作者想要表达的是印刷书籍并没有完全过时。提到电子阅读器的目的是为了对比和强调印刷书籍仍然有其独特的价值和功能。
D
As cities balloon with growth, access to nature for people living in urban areas is becoming harder to find. If you’re lucky, there might be a pocket park near where you live, but it’s unusual to find places in a city that are relatively wild.
Past research has found health and wellness benefits of nature for humans, but a new study shows that wildness in urban areas is extremely important for human well-being.
The research team focused on a large urban park. They surveyed several hundred park-goers, asking them to submit a written summary online of a meaningful interaction they had with nature in the park. The researchers then examined these submissions, coding(编码) experiences into different categories. For example, one participant’s experience of "We sat and listened to the waves at the beach for a while" was assigned the categories “sitting at beach” and “listening to waves.”
Across the 320 submissions, a pattern of categories the researchers call a “nature language” began to emerge. After the coding of all submissions, half a dozen categories were noted most often as important to visitors. These include encountering wildlife, walking along the edge of water, and following an established trail.
Naming each nature experience creates a usable language, which helps people recognize and take part in the activities that are most satisfying and meaningful to them. For example, the experience of walking along the edge of water might be satisfying for a young professional on a weekend hike in the park. Back downtown during a workday, they can enjoy a more domestic form of this interaction by walking along a fountain on their lunch break.
"We’re trying to generate a language that helps bring the human-nature interactions back into our daily lives. And for that to happen, we also need to protect nature so that we can interact with it," said Peter Kahn, a senior author of the study.
32. What phenomenon does the author describe at the beginning of the text?
A. Pocket parks are now popular. B. Wild nature is hard to find in cities.
C. Many cities are overpopulated. D. People enjoy living close to nature.
33. Why did the researchers code participant submissions into categories?
A. To compare different types of park-goers. B. To explain why the park attracts tourists.
C. To analyze the main features of the park. D. To find patterns in the visitors’ summaries.
34. What can we learn from the example given in paragraph 5?
A. Walking is the best way to gain access to nature.
B. Young people are too busy to interact with nature.
C. The same nature experience takes different forms.
D. The nature language enhances work performance.
35. What should be done before we can interact with nature according to Kahn?
A. Language study. B. Environmental conservation.
C. Public education. D. Intercultural communication.
答案及解析：
32. 答案是 B. Wild nature is hard to find in cities.
文章开头提到，随着城市的扩张，居住在城市地区的人们越来越难接触到自然。虽然可能会有口袋公园，但在城市中找到相对原始的地方是不常见的。这表明作者在开头描述的现象是城市中难以找到野生的自然。
33. D. To find patterns in the visitors’ summaries.
文章第三段提到研究人员请公园游客提交他们与公园中的自然有意义的互动的书面总结，并在第四段中提到研究人员对这些提交的内容进行编码，分入不同的类别。这样做是为了在游客的总结中找到模式，即“自然语言”。
34. C. The same nature experience takes different forms.
第五段中给出的例子是，一个人在公园里沿着水边走可能是一种令人满足的经历，而在工作日的午餐休息时间，他们可以通过沿着喷泉走的方式来享受这种互动的更家庭化的形式。这表明相同的自然体验可以有不同的形式。
35. B. Environmental conservation.
最后一段中，Peter Kahn提到，为了使人类与自然的互动回归到我们的日常生活中，我们需要保护自然，以便我们能够与之互动。这表明在进行自然互动之前，我们需要进行环境保护。
2023全国乙卷
A
Jacqueline Félicie de Almania(c. 1322)highlights the suspicion that women practicing medicine faced. Born to a Jewish family in Florence, she moved to Paris where she worked as a physician and performed surgery. In 1322 she was tried for practicing unlawfully. In spite of the court hearing testimonials(证明)of her ability as a doctor, she was banned from medicine.
Tan Yunxian(1461 – 1554)was a Chinese physician who learned her skills from her grandparents. Chinese women at the time could not serve apprenticeships(学徒期)with doctors. However,Tan passed the official exam.Tan treated women from all walks of life.In 1511,Tan wrote a book,Sayings of a Female Doctor,describing her life as a physician.
James Barry(c.1789 -1865)was born Margaret Bulkeley in Ireland but,dressed as a man,she was accepted by Edinburgh university to study medicine.She qualified as a surgeon in 1813,then joined the British Army,serving overseas.Barry retired in 1859,having practiced her entire medical profession living and working as a man.
Rebecca Lee Crumpler(1831 -1895)worked as a nurse for eight years before studying in medical college in Boston in 1860.Four years later,she was the first African American woman to receive a medical degree.She moved to Virginia in 1865,where she provided medical care to freed slaves.21. 21.What did Jacqueline and James have in common?
A. Doing teaching jobs.
B.Performing surgery
C. Being hired as physicians.
D. Being banned from medicine
22. How was Tan Yunxian different from the other practitioners?
A. She wrote a book.
C.She worked as a dentist
B. She went through trials.
D. She had formal education
23. Who was the first African American with a medical degree?
A. Jacqueline Felice de Almania.
C. James Barry.
B. Tan Yunxian.
D. Rebcca Lee Crumpler
答案及解析：
21.答案: C. Performing surgery
文章中提到Jacqueline Félicie de Almania "performed surgery"，同样提到James Barry "qualified as a surgeon"，说明他们都进行过外科手术。
22.答案: A. She wrote a book.
文章中提到Tan Yunxian "wrote a book, Sayings of a Female Doctor"，而其他人物并没有提到他们写过书。
23.答案: D. Rebecca Lee Crumpler
文章中提到Rebecca Lee Crumpler "was the first African American woman to receive a medical degree"，直接回答了这个问题。其他选项的人物都不是非洲裔美国人。
高考英语阅读理解真题2(含答案解析)
B
Living in Iowa and trying to become a photographer specializing in landscape (风景) can be quite a challenge, mainly because the corn state lacks geographical variation.
Although landscapes in the Midwest tend to be quite similar, either farm fields or highways, sometimes I find distinctive character in the hills or lakes. To make some of my landscape shots, I have traveled up to four hours away to shoot within a 10-minute time frame. I tend to travel with a few of my friends to state parks or to the countryside to go on adventures and take photos along the way.
Being at the right place at the right time is decisive in any style of photography. I often leave early to seek the right destinations so I can set up early to avoid missing the moment I am attempting to photograph. I have missed plenty of beautiful sunsets/sunrises due to being on the spot only five minutes before the best moment.
One time my friends and I drove three hours to Devil’s Lake, Wisconsin, to climb the purple quartz (石英) rock around the lake. After we found a crazy-looking road that hung over a bunch of rocks, we decided to photograph the scene at sunset. The position enabled us to look over the lake with the sunset in the background. We managed to leave this spot to climb higher because of the spare time until sunset. However, we did not mark the route (路线) so we ended up almost missing the sunset entirely. Once we found the place, it was stressful getting lights and cameras set up in the limited time. Still, looking back on the photos, they are some of my best shots though they could have been so much better if I would have been prepared and managed my time wisely.
24. How does the author deal with the challenge as a landscape photographer in the Midwest?
A. By teaming up with other photographers.
B. By shooting in the countryside or state parks.
C. By studying the geographical conditins.
D. By creating settings in the com fields
25. What is the key to successful landscape photography according to the author?
A.Proper time managerment.
B.Cood shooting techniques.
C.Adventurous spirit.
D. Distinctive styles.
26. What can we infer from the author's trip with friends to Devil's Lake?
A. They went crazy with the purple quartz rock.
B. They felt stressed while waiting for the suset.
C. They reached the shooting spot later than expected.
D. They had problems with their equipment.
27. How does the author find his photos taken at Devil's Lake?
A.Amusing.
B.Satisfying
C.Encouraging
D.Comforting
答案及解析：
24.B. By shooting in the countryside or state parks.
文章中提到作者为了拍摄风景照片，会与朋友一起去州立公园或乡村进行探险和拍照，这表明他是通过在这些地方拍摄来应对中西部风景缺乏地理变化的挑战。
25. A. proper time management.
作者强调了“Being at the right place at the right time”的重要性，并且提到因为晚到五分钟而错过了很多美丽的日出和日落，这说明正确的时间管理是成功的关键。
26.答案: C. They reached the shooting spot later than expected.
文章中提到，由于他们没有标记路线，几乎错过了日落，这意味着他们比预期晚到达了拍摄地点。
27.答案: B. Satisfying
尽管作者认为如果准备得更充分，照片会更好，但他回顾这些照片时，认为它们是一些最好的作品，这表明他对这些照片是满意的。
C
What comes into your mind when you think of British food? probably fish and chips , or a Sunday dinner of meat and two vegetables. But is British food really so uninteresting? Eventhough Britain has a reputation for less-than-impressive cuisine , it is producing more top classchefs who appear frequently on our television screens and whose recipe books frequently topthe best seller lists.
lt's thanks to these TV chefs rather than any advertising campaign that Britons are turning away from meat-and-two-veg and ready-made meals and becoming more adventurous in their cooking habits. lt is recently reported that the number of those sticking to a traditional diet is slowly declining and around half of Britain's consumers would like to change or improve their cooking in some way. There has been a rise in the number of students applying for food coursesat UK universities and colleges. It seems that TV programmes have helped change what peoplethink about cooking.
According to a new study from market analysts , 1 in 5 Britons say that watching cookery programmes on TV has encouraged them to try different food. Almost one third say they now use a wider variety of ingredients(配料) than they used to, and just under 1 in 4 say they now buy better quality ingredients than before. One in four adults say that T'V chefs have made them much more confident about expanding their cookery knowledge and skills, and youngpeople are also getting more interested in cooking. The Uk's ob.session( 痴迷) with food is reflected through television scheduling. Cookery shows and documentaries about food are broadcast more often than before. With an increasing number of male chefs on TV, it's no longer " uncool" for boys to like cooking.
28. What do people usually think of British food?
A. It is simple and plain.
B. lt is rich in nutrition.
C. It lacks authentic tastes.
D. It deserves a high reputation.
29. Which best describes cookery programmes on British TV?
A.Authoritative.
C.Profitable.
B.Creative.
D.Influential.
30. Which is the percentage of the people using more diverse ingredients now?
A. 20%. B.24%.C.25%. D.33% .
31 . What might the author continue talking about?
A. The art of cooking in other countries.
B. Male chefs on TV programmes.
C.Table manners in the UK.
D.Studies of big eaters.
What do people usually think of British food?
答案及解析：
28.文章开头提到，当人们想到英国食物时，可能会想到鱼和薯条或者周日的一餐肉和两份蔬菜，这表明人们通常认为英国食物简单朴素。
29.答案: D. Influential.
文章中提到电视厨师们帮助改变了人们对烹饪的看法，并且鼓励英国人尝试不同的食物，这表明电视烹饪节目对人们有影响力。
30.答案: D. 33%.
文章中提到，几乎三分之一的人现在使用比以前更广泛的配料，这意味着大约33%的人在使用更多样化的配料。
31.答案: B. Male chefs on TV programmes.
文章最后一段提到了越来越多的男性厨师出现在电视上，并且对于男孩子喜欢烹饪也不再是“不酷”的事情。因此，作者可能会继续谈论电视节目中的男性厨师。
高考英语阅读理解真题4(含答案解析)
D
If you want to tell the history of the whole world, a history that does not privilege one part of humanity, you cannot do it through texts alone, because only some of the world has ever had texts, while most of the world, for most of the time, has not. Writing is one of humanity’s later achievements, and until fairly recently even many literate (有文字的) societies recorded their concerns not only in writing but in things.
Ideally a history would bring together texts and objects, and some chapters of this book are able to do just that, but in many cases we simply can’t. The clearest example of this between literate and non-literate history is perhaps the first conflict, at Botany Bay, between Captain Cook’s voyage and the Australian Aboriginals. From the English side, we have scientific reports and the captain’s record of that terrible day. From the Australian side, we have only a wooden shield (盾) dropped by a man in flight after his first experience of gunshot. If we want to reconstruct what was actually going on that day, the shield must be questioned and interpreted as deeply and strictly as the written reports.
In addition to the problem of miscomprehension from both sides, there are victories accidentally or deliberately twisted, especially when only the victors know how to write. Those who are on the losing side often have only their things to tell their stories. The Caribbean Taino, the Australian Aboriginals, the African people of Benin and the Incas, all of whom appear in this book, can speak to us now of their past achievements most powerfully through the objects they made: a history told through things gives them back a voice. When we consider contact (联系) between literate and non-literate societies such as these, all our first-hand accounts are necessarily twisted, only one half of a dialogue. If we are to find the other half of that conversation, we have to read not just the texts, but the objects.
32. What is the first paragraph mainly about?
A. How past events should be presented.
B. What humopity is concerned about.
C.Whether facts speak louder than words.
D. Wiy written language is rliable.
33. What does the author indicate by mentioning Captain Cook in paragraph 2?
A. His report was sintifi?
B.Ne rpresented the local pople.
C.He ruley over Botany Bay.
D.His record was one-sided.
34. What does the underlined word " conversation" in paragraph 3 refer to?
A.Problem.
B.History.
C. Voice.
D.Society.
35. Which of the following books is the text most likely slected from?
A. How Maps Tell Stories of the World
B. A Short Nistory of Ausralia
C. A Hishry of the World in 100 Objects
D. How Ant Works Tell Stories
答案及解析：
32. A. How past events should be presented.
第一段主要讨论的是如何呈现历史事件，作者指出不能只通过文字来讲述历史，因为世界上只有部分地区有文字记录，而大部分地区的历史则是通过物品等非文字形式传承下来的。因此，正确答案是A，即如何呈现过去的事件。
33. D.His record was one-sided.
第二段中提到：“From the English side，we have scientific reports and the captain's record of that terrible day. From the Australian side，we have only a wooden shield dropped by a man in flight after his first experience of gunshot.”(从英国方面，我们有科学报告和船长关于那可怕的一天的记录。从澳大利亚方面，我们只有一名男子在第一次经历枪击后逃跑时扔下的木盾。)这说明船长库克的记录只是从英国人的角度出发，因此是单方面的。因此，作者提到库克船长是为了表明他的记录是单方面的，选项D正确。
34. B.History.
根据文章第三段中的句子"lf we are to find the other half of that conversation，we have to read not just the texts，but the objects."，可以推断出"conversation"指的是历史，因为我们需要通过文字和物品来了解历史的全部内容。因此，正确答案是B，即历史。
35. C. A Hishry of the World in 100 Objects
文章提到了通过物品来讲述历史，而选项C的书名“A History of the World in 100 Objects”正是通过100个物品来讲述世界历史的书籍，因此最符合文章主题。
2024新课标I卷
A
HABITAT RESTORATION TEAM
Help restore and protect Marin's natural areas from the Marin Headlands to Bolinas Ridge. We'll explore beautiful park sites while conducting invasive(侵入的) plant removal, winter planting, and seed collection. Habitat Restoration Team volunteers play a vital role in restoring sensitive resources and protecting endangered species across the ridges and valleys.
GROUPS
Groups of five or more require special arrangements and must be confirmed in advance.Please review the List of available Projects and fill out the Group project request Form.
AGE, SKILLS, WHAT TO BRING
Volunteers aged 10 and over are welcome. Read our Youth policy Guidelines for youth under the age of 15.
Bring your completed volunteer agreement Form. Volunteers under the age of 18 must have the parent/guardian approval section signed.
We'll be working rain or shine. Wear clothes that can get dirty. bring layers for changing weather and a raincoat if necessary.
Bring a personal water bottle, sunscreen, and lunch.
No experience necessary. Training and tools will be provided. Fulfills(满足) community service requirements.
UPCOMING EVENTS
TimeMeeting Location
Sunday, Jan. 15 10:00am-1:00pmBattery Alexander Trailhead
Sunday, Jan22 10:00am-2:30pmStinson Beach parking Lot
Sunday, Jan29 9:30am-2:30pmCoyote Ridge Trailhead
21.What is the aim of the Habitat Restoration Team?
A.To discover mineral resources.
B.To develop new wildlife parks.
C.To protect the local ecosystem.
D.To conduct biological research.
22.What is the lower age limit for joining the Habitat Restoration Team?
A.5.B.10.C.15.D.18.
23.What are the volunteers expected to do?
A.Bring their own tools.
B.Work even in bad weather.
C.Wear a team uniform.
D.Do at least three projects.
答案解析：
21. 答案：C
解析：文章第一段提到"Habitat Restoration Team volunteers play a vital role in restoring sensitive resources and protecting endangered species across the ridges and valleys."，说明栖息地恢复团队的目标是恢复敏感资源并保护濒危物种，这与保护当地生态系统的选项C相符。
22. 答案：B
解析：文章在"AGE, SKILLS, WHAT TO BRING"部分提到"Volunteers aged 10 and over are welcome."，说明加入栖息地恢复团队的最低年龄限制是10岁。
23. 答案：B
解析：文章在"We'll be working rain or shine. Wear clothes that can get dirty."部分提到无论晴雨，志愿者们都需要工作，这与选项B(即使在恶劣天气下也要工作)相符。其他选项A(带自己的工具)、C(穿团队制服)和D(至少做三个项目)在文章中没有提及。虽然提到了提供工具和培训，但并没有要求志愿者自带工具，因此A不正确。C和D选项在文中没有提及，所以也不正确。
B
“I am not crazy,” says Dr. William Farber, shortly after performing acupuncture(针灸) on a rabbit. “I am ahead of my time.” If he seems a little defensive, it might be because even some of his coworkers occasionally laugh at his unusual methods. But Farber is certain he'll have the last laugh. He's one of a small but growing number of American veterinarians(兽医) now practicing “holistic” medicine—combining traditional Western treatments with acupuncture, chiropractic(按摩疗法) and herbal medicine.
Farber, a graduate of Colorado state University, started out as a more conventional veterinarian. He became interested in alternative treatments 20 years ago when he suffered from terrible back pain. He tried muscle-relaxing drugs but found little relief. Then he tried acupuncture, an ancient Chinese practice, and was amazed that he improved after two or three treatments. What worked on a veterinarian seemed likely to work on his patients. So, after studying the techniques for a couple of years, he began offering them to pets.
Leigh Tindale's dog Charlie had a serious heart condition. After Charlie had a heart attack, Tindale says, she was prepared to put him to sleep, but Farber's treatments eased her dog's suffering so much that she was able to keep him alive for an additional five months. And Priscilla Dewing reports that her horse, Nappy, "moves more easily and rides more comfortably" after a chiropractic adjustment.
Farber is certain that the holistic approach will grow more popular with time, and if the past is any indication, he may be right: Since 1982, membership in the American Holistic Veterinary Medical association has grown from 30 to over 700. "Sometimes it surprises me that it works so well," he says. "I will do anything to help an animal. That's my job."
24. What do some of Farber's coworkers think of him?
A. He's odd.
B. He's strict.
C. He's brave.
D. He's rude.
25. Why did Farber decide to try acupuncture on pets?
A. He was trained in it at university.
B. He was inspired by another veterinarian.
C. He benefited from it as a patient.
D. He wanted to save money for pet owners.
26. What does paragraph 3 mainly talk about?
A. Steps of a chiropractic treatment.
B. The complexity of veterinarians' work.
C. Examples of rare animal diseases.
D. The effectiveness of holistic medicine.
27. Why does the author mention the American Holistic Veterinary Medical Association?
A. To prove Farber's point.
B. To emphasize its importance.
C. To praise veterinarians.
D. To advocate animal protection.
答案解析：
24. 答案：A
解析：文章第一段提到"even some of his coworkers occasionally laugh at his unusual methods"，说明一些同事认为他的方法不寻常，可能会觉得他有点奇怪，因此选项A(He's odd.)是正确的。
25. 答案：C
解析：文章第二段提到"Then he tried acupuncture... and was amazed that he improved after two or three treatments. What worked on a veterinarian seemed likely to work on his patients."，说明法伯自己作为病人体验了针灸并从中受益，这激发了他将这种方法用于宠物，因此选项C(He benefited from it as a patient.)是正确的。
26. 答案：D
解析：第三段通过两个例子(Leigh Tindale的狗Charlie和Priscilla Dewing的马Nappy)来说明整体医学的有效性，因此选项D(The effectiveness of holistic medicine.)是正确的。
27. 答案：A
解析：文章最后一段提到法伯认为整体医学的方法会越来越受欢迎，并且提到美国整体兽医医学协会的会员人数从1982年的30人增长到700多人，这是为了支持法伯的观点，即整体医学正在变得越来越受欢迎，因此选项A(To prove Farber's point.)是正确的。
C
Is comprehension the same whether a person reads a text onscreen or on paper? And are listening to and viewing content as effective as reading the written word when covering the same material? The answers to both questions are often “no.” The reasons relate to a variety of factors, including reduced concentration, an entertainment mindset(心态)and a tendency to multitask while consuming digital content.
When reading texts of several hundred words or more, learning is generally more successful when it's on paper than onscreen. A large amount of research confirms this finding. The benefits of print reading particularly shine through when experimenters move from posing simple tasks - like identifying the main idea in a reading passage - to ones that require mental abstraction - such as drawing inferences from a text.
The differences between print and digital reading results are partly related to paper's physical properties. With paper, there is a literal laying on of hands, along with the visual geography of distinct pages. People often link their memory of what they've read to how far into the book it was or where it was on the page.
But equally important is the mental aspect. Reading researchers have proposed a theory called "shallowing hypothesis(假说)." according to this theory, people approach digital texts with a mindset suited to social media, which are often not so serious, and devote less mental effort than when they are reading print.
Audio(音频)and video can feel more engaging than text, and so university teachers increasingly turn to these technologies - say, assigning an online talk instead of an article by the same person. However, psychologists have demonstrated that when adults read news stories, they remember more of the content than if they listen to or view identical pieces.
Digital texts, audio and video all have educational roles, especially when providing resources not available in print. However, for maximizing learning where mental focus and reflection are called for, educators shouldn't assume all media are the same, even when they contain identical words.
28.What does the underlined phrase“shine through”in paragraph 2 mean?
A.Seem unlikely to last.
B.Seem hard to explain.
C.Become ready to use.
D.Become easy to notice.
29.What does the shallowing hypothesis assume?
A.Readers treat digital texts lightly.
B.Digital texts are simpler to understand.
C.People select digital texts randomly.
D.Digital texts are suitable for social media.
30.Why are audio and video increasingly used by university teachers?
A.They can hold students' attention.
B.They are more convenient to prepare.
C.They help develop advanced skills.
D.They are more informative than text.
31. What does the author imply in the last paragraph?
A. Students should apply multiple learning techniques.
B. Teachers should produce their own teaching material.
C. Print texts cannot be entirely replaced in education.
D. Education outside the classroom cannot be ignored.
答案解析：
28. 答案：D
解析：文章第二段中提到的"shine through"意味着纸质阅读的优势在实验者进行更复杂的任务时变得明显，容易被人注意到。因此，选项D(Become easy to notice.)是正确的。
29. 答案：A
解析：文章第四段提到了"shallowing hypothesis"(浅阅读假说)，根据这个理论，人们在阅读数字文本时，会带着一种适合社交媒体的心态，这种心态通常不太严肃，因此在阅读数字文本时投入的精力比阅读纸质文本时要少。选项A(Readers treat digital texts lightly.)与这个假说相符。
30. 答案：A
解析：文章第五段提到，音频和视频感觉比文本更吸引人，因此大学教师越来越多地使用这些技术。这表明教师们认为音频和视频能够更好地吸引学生的注意力。选项A(They can hold students' attention.)与文章内容相符。
31. 答案：C
解析：文章最后一段指出，虽然数字文本、音频和视频在教育中都有作用，但当需要精神集中和反思以最大化学习效果时，教育者不应假设所有媒体都是相同的。这意味着作者认为在教育资源的选择上，纸质文本不能完全被取代。选项C(Print texts cannot be entirely replaced in education.)与作者的观点相符。
D
In the race to document the species on Earth before they go extinct, researchers and citizen scientists have collected billions of records. Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos, videos, and other digital records. though they are useful for detecting shifts in the number and variety of species in an area, a new Stanford study has found that this type of record is not perfect.
"with the rise of technology it is easy for people to make observations of different species with the aid of a mobile application," said Barnabas Daru, who is lead author of the study and assistant professor of biology in the Stanford School of Humanities and Sciences. "These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens(标本), and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable?"
Using a global dataset of 1.9 billion records of plants, insects, birds, and animals, Daru and his team tested how well these data represent actual global biodiversity patterns.
"We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias(使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it,"said Daru.
Their study revealed that the large number of observation-only records did not lead to better global coverage. Moreover, these data are biased and favor certain regions, time periods, and species. This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby. These data are also biased toward certain species with attractive or eye-catching features.
What can we do with the imperfect datasets of biodiversity?
"Quite a lot,"Daru explained."Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled areas and lead them to places-and even species-that are not well-sampled. To improve the quality of observational data, biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their uploaded image."
32.What do we know about the records of species collected now?
A. They are becoming outdated.
B. They are mostly in electronic form.
C. They are limited in number.
D. They are used for public exhibition.
33.What does Daru's study focus on?
A. Threatened species.
B. Physical specimens.
C. Observational data.
D. Mobile applications.
34. What has led to the biases according to the study?
A. Mistakes in data analysis.
B. Poor quality of uploaded pictures.
C. Improper way of sampling.
D. Unreliable data collection devices.
35. What is Daru's suggestion for biodiversity apps?
A. review data from certain areas.
B. Hire experts to check the records.
C. Confirm the identity of the users.
D. Give guidance to citizen scientists.
答案解析：
32. 答案：B
解析：文章第一段提到，目前大多数生物多样性的记录通常是照片、视频和其他数字记录的形式。选项B(They are mostly in electronic form.)与文章内容相符。
33. 答案：C
解析：文章第二段提到，Daru想要了解这些观察数据是否可用，因为它们被用来研究物种如何应对全球变化。第三段也提到Daru和他的团队测试了这些数据如何很好地代表实际的全球生物多样性模式。选项C(Observational data.)是Daru研究的焦点。
34. 答案：C
解析：文章第四段提到，他们特别感兴趣的是探索倾向于使数据产生偏差的采样方面，比如公民科学家更可能拍摄开花植物的照片，而不是旁边的草。这表明采样方式的不当导致了数据的偏差。选项C(Improper way of sampling.)与文章内容相符。
35. 答案：D
解析：文章最后一段提到，生物多样性应用程序可以使用他们的研究结果来通知用户过度采样的区域，并引导他们前往采样不足的地方，甚至物种。为了提高观察数据的质量，生物多样性应用程序还可以鼓励用户让专家确认他们上传图像的身份。选项D(Give guidance to citizen scientists.)与Daru的建议相符。
2024年新课标II卷
A
Choice of Walks for Beginner and Experienced Walkers
The Carlow Autumn Walking festival is a great opportunity for the beginner, experienced or advanced walker to enjoy the challenges of Carlow's mountain hikes or the peace of its woodland walks.
Walk 1 - The Natural World
With environmentalist Éanna Lamhna as the guide, this walk promises to be an informative tour. Walkers are sure to learn lots about the habitats and natural world of the Blackstairs.
Date and Time: Saturday, lst October, at 09:00
Start Point: Scrataes Bridge
Walk Duration: 6 hours
Walk 2 - introduction to Hillwalking
Emmanuel Chappard, an experienced guide, has a passion for making the great outdoors accessible to all. This mountain walk provides an insight into the skills required for hillwalking to ensure you get the most from future walking trips.
Date and Time: Sunday, 2nd October, at 09:00
Start Point: Deerpark Car Park
Walk Duration: 5 hours
Walk 3 - Moonlight Under the Stars
Walking at night-time is a great way to step out of your comfort zone. Breathtaking views of the lowlands of Carlow can be enjoyed in the presence of welcoming guides from local walking clubs. A torch(手电筒) along with suitable clothing is essential for walking in the dark. Those who are dressed inappropriately will be refused permission to participate.
Date and Time: Saturday, 1st October, at 18:30
Start Point: The Town Hall
Walk Duration: 3 hours
Walk 4 - Photographic Walk in Kilbranish Forest
This informative walk led by Richard Smyth introduces you to the basic principles of photography in the wild. bring along your camera and enjoy the wonderful views along this well-surfaced forest path.
Date and Time: Sunday, 2nd October, at 11:45
Start Point: Kilbranish Forest Recreation Area
Walk Duration: 1.5 hours
21. Which walk takes the shortest time?
A. The Natural World.
B. Introduction to Hillwalking.
C. Moonlight Under the Stars.
D. Photographic Walk in Kilbranish Forest.
22.What are participants in Walk 3 required to do?
A.Wear proper clothes.
B.Join a walking club.
C.Get special permits.
D.Bring a survival guide.
23.What do the four walks have in common?
A.They involve difficult climbing.
B.They are for experienced walkers.
C.They share the same start point.
D.They are scheduled for the weekend.
答案及解析：
21. D. Photographic Walk in Kilbranish Forest.
解析：根据Walk Duration的信息，我们可以看到Walk 4的时长是1.5 hours，这是所有选项中时间最短的。
22. A. Wear proper clothes.
解析：根据Walk 3的描述，文中提到"A torch along with suitable clothing is essential for walking in the dark."这意味着参与者需要穿适当的衣服。
23. D. They are scheduled for the weekend.
解析：通过检查每个walk的日期和时间，我们可以看到Walk 1和Walk 3是在周六，而Walk 2和Walk 4是在周日，这表明所有的walk都是在周末安排的。其他选项A, B, 和C在文中没有提到或者不是所有walk的共同点。
B
Do you ever get to the train station and realize you forgot to bring something to read?
Yes, we all have our phones, but many of us still like to go old school and read something printed.
Well, there's a kiosk (小亭) for that. In the San Francisco Bay Area, at least.
“You enter the fare gates(检票口)and you'll see a kiosk that is lit up and it tells you can get a one-minute, a three-minute, or a five-minute story,” says Alicia Trost, the chief communications officer for the San Francisco Bay Area rapid Transit — known as BART. “You choose which length you want and it gives you a receipt-like short story.”
It's that simple.Riders have printed nearly 20,000 short stories and poems since the program was launched last March.Some are classic short stories, and some are new original works.
Trost also wants to introduce local writers to local riders.“We wanted to do something where we do a call to artists in the Bay Area to submit stories for a contest,” Trost says.“And as of right now, we've received about 120 submissions.The winning stories would go into our kiosk and then you would be a published artist.”
Ridership on transit(交通) systems across the country has been down the past half century, so could short stories save transit?
Trost thinks so.
“At the end of the day all transit agencies right now are doing everything they can to improve the rider experience.So I absolutely think we will get more riders just because of short stories,”she says.
And you'll never be without something to read.
24. Why did BART start the kiosk program?
A. To promote the local culture. B. To discourage phone use.
C. To meet passengers' needs. D. To reduce its running costs.
25. How are the stories categorized in the kiosk?
A. By popularity. B. By length. C. By theme. D. By language.
26. What has Trost been doing recently?
A. Organizing a story contest. B. Doing a survey of customers.
C. Choosing a print publisher. D. Conducting interviews with artists.
27. What is Trost's opinion about BART's future?
A. It will close down. B. Its profits will decline.
C. It will expand nationwide. D. Its ridership will increase.
答案解析：
24. C. To meet passengers' needs.
解析：根据文章中的描述，乘客在进入检票口后可以看到一个提供短故事的亭子，这表明BART启动这个项目的目的是为了满足乘客的需求，即在他们忘记带阅读材料时提供阅读内容。
25. B. By length.
解析：文章中提到亭子会提供“a one-minute, a three-minute, or a five-minute story”，这说明故事是按照长度来分类的。
26. A. Organizing a story contest.
解析：文章中提到Trost想要通过比赛的方式介绍当地作家给当地乘客，并且已经收到了大约120份投稿，这表明她最近在组织一个故事比赛。
27. D. Its ridership will increase.
解析：Trost认为提供短故事能够改善乘客体验，并且她认为这将会吸引更多的乘客，因此她的观点是BART的乘客数量将会增加。
C
We all know fresh is best when it comes to food. However, most produce at the store went through weeks of travel and covered hundreds of miles before reaching the table. While farmer's markets are a solid choice to reduce the journey, Babylon Micro-Farm (BMF) shortens it even more.
BMF is an indoor garden system. It can be set up for a family. Additionally, it could serve a larger audience such as a hospital, restaurant or school. The innovative design requires little effort to achieve a reliable weekly supply of fresh greens.
Specifically, it's a farm that relies on new technology. By connecting through the Cloud, BMF is remotely monitored. Also, there is a convenient app that provides growing data in real time. Because the system is automated, it significantly reduces the amount of water needed to grow plants. Rather than watering rows of soil, the system provides just the right amount to each plant. After harvest, users simply replace the plants with a new pre-seeded pod(容器)to get the next growth cycle started.
Moreover, having a system in the same building where it's eaten means zero emissions(排放)from transporting plants from soil to salad. In addition, there's no need for pesticides and other chemicals that pollute traditional farms and the surrounding environment.
BMF employees live out sustainability in their everyday lives. About half of them walk or bike to work. Inside the office, they encourage recycling and waste reduction by limiting garbage cans and avoiding single-use plastic.“We are passionate about reducing waste, carbon and chemicals in our environment,”said a BMF employee.
28.What can be learned about BMF from paragraph l?
A.It guarantees the variety of food. B.It requires day-to-day care.C.It cuts the farm-to-table distance.D.It relies on farmer's markets.
29.What information does the convenient app offer?
A.Real-time weather changes.
B.Current condition of the plants.
C.Chemical pollutants in the soil.
D.Availability of pre-seeded pods.
30.What can be concluded about BMF employees?
A.They have a great passion for sports.
B.They are devoted to community service.
C.They are fond of sharing daily experiences.
D.They have a strong environmental awareness.
31.What does the text mainly talk about?
A.BMF's major strengths.
B.BMF's general management.
C.BMF's global influence.
D.BMF's technical standards.
答案解析：
28. C. It cuts the farm-to-table distance.
解析：从第一段可以了解到，Babylon Micro-Farm (BMF)是一个室内花园系统，它能够缩短食物从农场到餐桌的距离，因为它可以在食物被消费的地方进行种植。
29. B. current condition of the plants.
解析：文章中提到，通过一个方便的应用程序，BMF可以提供实时的生长数据。这表明应用程序提供的是植物的当前状况。
30. D. They have a strong environmental awareness.
解析：文章最后一段提到BMF的员工在日常生活中实践可持续性，他们走路或骑自行车上班，并在办公室内鼓励回收和减少浪费，这表明他们具有强烈的环保意识。
31. A. BMF's major strengths.
解析：整篇文章主要讲述了BMF的优势，如缩短食物运输距离、减少水资源使用、无需农药和化学物质、以及员工的环保实践，因此文章主要谈论的是BMF的主要优势。
D
Given the astonishing potential of AI to transform our lives, we all need to take action to deal with our AI-powered future, and this is where AI by Design: A Plan for Living with Artificial intelligence comes in. This absorbing new book by Catriona Campbell is a practical roadmap addressing the challenges posed by the forthcoming AI revolution(变革).
In the wrong hands, such a book could prove as complicated to process as the computer code(代码) that powers AI but, thankfully, Campbell has more than two decades’ professional experience translating the heady into the understandable. She writes from the practical angle of a business person rather than as an academic, making for a guide which is highly accessible and informative and which, by the close, will make you feel almost as smart as AI.
As we soon come to learn from AI by Design, AI is already super-smart and will become more capable, moving from the current generation of “narrow-AI” to Artificial general Intelligence. From there, Campbell says, will come Artificial Dominant Intelligence. This is why Campbell has set out to raise awareness of AI and its future now - several decades before these developments are expected to take place. She says it is essential that we keep control of artificial intelligence, or risk being sidelined and perhaps even worse.
Campbell’s point is to wake up those responsible for AI - the technology companies and world leaders - so they are on the same page as all the experts currently developing it. She explains we are at a “tipping point” in history and must act now to prevent an extinction-level event for humanity. We need to consider how we want our future with AI to pan out. Such structured thinking, followed by global regulation, will enable us to achieve greatness rather than our downfall.
AI will affect us all, and if you only read one book on the subject, this is it.
32. What does the phrase “In the wrong hands” in paragraph 2 probably mean?
A. If read by someone poorly educated. B. If reviewed by someone ill-intentioned.
C. If written by someone less competent. D. If translated by someone unacademic.
33. What is a feature of Al by design according to the text?
A. It is packed with complex codes. B. It adopts a down-to-earth writing style.
C. It provides step-by-step instructions. D. It is intended for Al professionals.
34. What does Campbell urge people to do regarding Al development?
A. observe existing regulations on it.
B. Reconsider expert opinions about it.
C. Make joint efforts to keep it under control.
D. Learn from prior experience to slow it down.
35. What is the author's purpose in writing the text?
A. To recommend a book on Al. B. To give a brief account of Al history.
C. To clarify the definition of Al. D. To honor an outstanding Al expert.
答案解析：
32. C. If written by someone less competent.
解析：短语“In the wrong hands”在这里指的是如果这本书由一个不够胜任的人来写，它可能会和人工智能背后的计算机代码一样复杂难懂。这句话强调了作者Catriona Campbell的能力，她能够将复杂的内容转化为易于理解的内容。
33. B. It adopts a down-to-earth writing style.
解析：根据文本，Campbell的写作风格是实用主义者的角度，而不是学术性的，这使得指南非常易于理解和有信息量。这表明《AI by Design》的特点是采用了务实的写作风格。
34. C. Make joint efforts to keep it under control.
解析：Campbell敦促人们要意识到人工智能的未来，并且认为我们必须保持对人工智能的控制，以防止被边缘化甚至更糟的情况。这表明她呼吁人们共同努力控制人工智能的发展。
35. A. To recommend a book on AI.
解析：作者在文本中介绍了《AI by Design》这本书，强调了它的实用性和重要性，并且在最后一句提到“如果你只想读一本关于这个主题的书，那就是它了。”这表明作者的目的是推荐一本关于人工智能的书。
2024年全国甲卷
A
Each ARTS FIRST festival is a unique annual celebration of the Harvard community's artistic creativity. We invite you to join us for the coming ARTS FIRST. We look forward to welcoming you as we showcase the creativity of the Harvard arts community through performances, art exhibitions and art-making activities. The festival is a public event for Harvard and community members of all ages.
Light Awash in Watercolor
Learn about the materials and qualities of watercolor paint with experts from the Harvard Art Museums Materials Lab. Try your hand at some of the painting tricks used by artists whose works will be in the upcoming exhibition of American Watercolors, 1880 -1990: Into the Light.
Spineless Artists:Invertebrate Creativity
From webs to cocoons, invertebrates(无脊椎动物) create some of nature's most delicate and beautiful designs. Join Javier Marin from the Harvard Museum of Natural History to learn how insects and other invertebrates dance,inspire fashion and create art, while making your own spineless artists out of craft(手工艺)materials.
Wheel Throwing
Join instructors from the Ceramics program and great potters from Quincy,Cabot and Mather Houses for demonstrations using the potter's wheel. Then create your own masterpiece!
Knitting and Pom-Pom Making
Join the Harvard Undergraduate Knitting Circle to make pom-poms and tassels out of thread, or pick up a pair of needles and learn to knit(编织).
21.What do we know about ARTS FIRST?
A. It is an exhibition of oil paintings.
B. It offers art courses for all ages.
C. It presents recreational activities.
D. It is a major tourist attraction.
22. Which program will you join if you're interested in drawing pictures?
A. Light Awash in Watercolor.
B. Spineless Artists: Invertebrate Creativity.
C. Wheel Throwing.
D. Knitting and Pom-Pom Making.
23.What can you do together with Javier Marin?
A. Practice a traditional dance.
B. Make handcrafts.
C. Visit a local museum
D. Feed invertebrates.
答案解析：
21. 根据文章第一段中的描述，ARTS FIRST 是哈佛社区艺术创造力的年度庆典，包括表演、艺术展览和艺术创作活动。这是一个面向所有年龄段哈佛成员的公共活动。因此，ARTS FIRST 提供的是娱乐活动，故选C。
22. 根据第二个活动的标题“Light Awash in Watercolor”以及其下的描述，这个活动是关于水彩画的材料和质量的学习，适合对绘画感兴趣的人。故选A。
23. 根据第三个活动的描述“Join Javier Marin from the Harvard Museum of Natural History to learn how insects and other invertebrates dance, inspire fashion and create art, while making your own spineless artists out of craft materials.”，可以与Javier Marin一起做的是制作手工艺品。故选B。
B
Animals can express their needs using a lot of ways. For instance,almost all animals have distinct vocals (声音) that they rely on to either ask for help, scare away any dangerous animals or look for shelter. But cats are special creatures who possess amazing vocalization skills. They are able to have entire conversations with humans using meows and you're able to interpret it. If a pet cat is hungry, it will keep meowing to attract attention and find food. However, when a cat is looking for affection, they tend to produce stretched and soft meows. Meowing starts as soon as a baby cat is brought to life and uses it to get the mother's attention and be fed.
Cats have many heightened senses, but their sense of smell is quite impressive. They use their noses to assess their environment and look out for any signs of danger. They will sniff out specific areas before they choose a place to relax. However, another way the cats are able to distinguish between situations is by looking for familiar smells. Your cat will likely smell your face
and store the smell in its memory and use it to recognize you in the future. That's why most pet
cats are able to tell immediately if their owners were around any other cats, which they don't usually like.
Dogs are known for their impressive fetching habit, but cats take this behavior up a notch. Many cats will find random objects outside and bring them to their owners. This is a very old habit that's been present in all kinds of predators(食肉动物). Cats bring gifts for their owners to show they love you. These adorable little hunters are just doing something that it's been in their nature since the beginning of time. So just go along with it!
24.What can be learned about cats’ meowing from the first paragraph?
A. It’s a survival skill.
B. It's taught by mother cats.
C. It's hard to interpret.
D. It's getting louder with age.
25.How does a pet cat assess different situations?
A. By listening for sounds.
B. By touching familiar objects.
C. By checking on smells.
D. By communicating with other cats.
26. Which best explains the phrase “take ... up notch” in paragraph 3?
A. perform appropriately.
B. Move faster.
C. Act strangely.
D. Do better.
27. What is a suitable title for the text?
A. Tips on Finding a Smart Cat
B. Understanding Your Cat’s Behavior
C. Have Fun with Your Cat
D. How to Keep Your Cat Healthy
答案解析：
24. 第一段中提到，几乎所有的动物都有独特的声音来表达需求，如寻求帮助、吓跑危险动物或寻找庇护所。这表明猫的喵喵叫是一种生存技能。故选A。
25. 第二段中提到，猫使用它们的鼻子来评估环境，寻找危险迹象。它们会在选择休息地点前嗅探特定区域。这表明宠物猫通过嗅觉来评估不同情况。故选C。
26. 第三段中的“take ... up a notch”意味着猫将拾取物品并带回家的行为提升了一个档次。在这个上下文中，它指的是猫做得更好，更上一层楼。故选D。
27. 整篇文章讲述了猫的不同行为，包括它们如何通过喵喵叫来表达需求，如何使用嗅觉来评估环境，以及它们带礼物给主人的行为。这些内容都是为了帮助读者理解猫的行为。故选B。
C
The Saint Lukas train doesn’t accept passengers -it accepts only the sick. The Saint Lukas is one of five government-sponsored medical trains that travel to remote towns in central and eastern Russia. Each stop lasts an average of two days, and during that time the doctors and nurses on board provide rural(乡村)populations with basic medical care, X-ray scans and prescriptions.
"People started queuing to make an appointment early in the morning," says Emile Ducke, a German photographer who traveled with the staff of the Saint Lukas for a two-week trip in November through the vast regions(区域) of Krasnoyarsk and Khakassia.
Russia's public health care service has been in serious need of modernization. The government has struggled to come up with measures to address the problem, particularly in the poorer, rural areas east of the Volga River, including arranging doctor's appointments by video chat and expanding financial aid programs to motivate doctors to practice medicine in remote parts of the country like Krasnoyarsk.
The annual arrival of the Saint Lukas is another attempt to improve the situation. For 10 months every year, the train stops at about eight stations over two weeks, before returning to the regional capital to refuel and restock (补给). Then it starts all over again the next month. Most stations wait about a year between visits.
Doctors see up to 150 patients every day. The train's equipment allows for basic checkups. "I was very impressed by the doctors and their assistants working and living in such little space but still staying focused and very concerned," says Ducke. " They were the best chance for many rural people to get the treatment they want. "
28.How is the Saint Lukas different from other trains?
A. It runs across countries.
B. It reserves seats for the seniors.
C. It functions as a hospital.
D. It travels along a river.
29. What can we infer from paragraph 3 about Krasnoyarsk?
A. It is heavily populated.
B. It offers training for doctors.
C. It is a modern city.
D. It needs medical aid.
30. How long can the Saint Lukas work with one supply?
A. About a year.
B. About ten months.
C. About two months.
D. About two weeks.
31. What is Ducke's attitude toward the Saint Lukas' services?A. Appreciative.
B.Doubtful
C. Ambiguous.
D. Cautious.
答案解析：
28. 第一段明确提到，圣卢卡斯列车不接受乘客，只接受病人。它是一列政府赞助的医疗列车，为偏远地区的居民提供基本医疗护理。这表明圣卢卡斯列车与其他列车不同，它充当了医院的功能。故选C。
29. 第三段提到，俄罗斯公共卫生服务亟需现代化，尤其是在伏尔加河以东的贫困农村地区，包括克拉斯诺亚尔斯克。政府正在努力采取措施解决这个问题，这表明克拉斯诺亚尔斯克需要医疗援助。故选D。
30. 第四段中提到，每年有10个月的时间，列车在两个星期内停靠大约8个站点，停靠完这些站点后，列车返回地区首府进行加油和补给。可知，圣卢卡斯号一份补给可以维持大约两周。故选D。
31. 最后一段中，摄影师Emile Ducke表示，他对于医生和他们在如此小的空间里工作和生活印象深刻，他们非常专注并且非常关心病人。他认为对于许多农村人来说，这是他们获得所需治疗的最好机会。这表明Ducke对圣卢卡斯列车提供的服务是感激和赞赏的。故选A。
D
"I didn't like the ending," I said to my favorite college professor. It was my junior year of undergraduate, and I was doing an independent study on Victorian literature. I had just finished reading The Mill on the Floss by George Eliot, and I was heartbroken with the ending. Prof. Gracie, with all his patience, asked me to think about it beyond whether I liked it or not. He suggested I think about the difference between endings that I wanted for the characters and endings that were right for the characters,endings that satisfied the story even if they didn't have a traditionally positive outcome. Of course, I would have preferred a different ending for Tom and Maggie Tulliver， but the ending they got did make the most sense for them.
This was an aha moment for me, and I never thought about endings the same way again. From then on, if I wanted to read an ending guaranteed to be happy, I'd pick up a love romance. If I wanted an ending I couldn't guess, I'd pick up a mystery (悬疑小说). One where I kind of knew what was going to happen, historical fiction. Choosing what to read became easier.
But writing the end - that's hard. It's hard for writers because endings carry so much weight with readers. You have to balance creating an ending that's unpredictable, but doesn't seem to come from nowhere, one that fits what's right for the characters.
That's why this issue (期)of Writer's Digest aims to help you figure out how to write the best ending for whatever kind of writing you're doing. If it's short stories, Peter Mountford breaks down six techniques you can try to see which one helps you stick the landing. Elizabeth Sims analyzes the final chapters of five great novels to see what key points they include and how you can adapt them for your work.
This issue won't tell you what your ending should be - that's up to you and the story you're telling - but it might provide what you need to get there.
32.Why did the author go to Prof. Gracie?
A. To discuss a novel.
B. To submit a book report.
C. To argue for a writer.
D. To ask for a reading list.
33. What did the author realize after seeing Prof Gracie?
A. Writing is a matter of personal preferences.
B. Readers are often carried away by characters
C. Each type of literature has its unique ending
D.A story which begins well will end well
34. What is expected of a good ending?
A. It satisfies readers’ taste.
B. It fits with the story development.
C. It is usually positive.
D. It is open for imagination.
35.Why does the author mention Peter Mountford and Elizabeth Sims?
A. To give examples of great novelists.
B. To stress the theme of this issue.
C. To encourage writing for the magazine.
D. To recommend their new books.
答案解析：
32. 第一段中，作者提到自己刚读完乔治·艾略特的《弗洛斯河上的磨坊》，并因为结局而心碎，然后向最喜欢的大学教授Prof. Gracie表达了自己对结局的不喜欢。这表明作者去找Prof. Gracie是为了讨论这部小说。故选A。
33. 第二段中，作者提到这是一个顿悟的时刻，从此以后，作者再也不会用同样的方式去思考结局。作者开始根据想要的结局类型来选择阅读材料，这表明作者意识到每种文学类型都有其独特的结局。故选C。
34. 第三段中，作者提到写作结局很难，因为结局对读者来说承载了很多重量。作者必须平衡创造一个不可预测但又不显得突兀的结局，一个适合角色的结局。这表明一个好的结局应该符合故事的发展。故选B。
35. 最后一段中，作者提到这一期的《作家文摘》旨在帮助作者们为他们的作品写出最好的结局。然后提到了Peter Mountford和Elizabeth Sims在杂志中的贡献，这是为了强调这一期的主题，即如何写出好的结局。故选B。
2024年北京卷
A
The language exchange programme allows students in pairs to communicate in two different languages they wish to share and learn each week. Students record short entries after each partner meeting noting the language skills practised and the topics discussed. Each pair of students meets three times throughout the term with a teacher who decides if the exchange is effective. Students who successfully complete the programme will receive one credit each.
Requirements for completion:
•One welcoming session on the second Friday of the term
•18 weekly one-hour pair meetings
•Weekly progress reports for all pair meetings
•At least three pair-teacher meetings
•One five-minute final video
Sign up!
The sign-up and registration process is as follows:
•Students sign up and indicate the languages they can share and languages they are interested in learning.
•Based on the information entered by each student, potential pairs are identified.
•Proficiency(熟练)levels are confirmed through coursework or placement tests.
•Once a pair has been determined to be suitable, the students will be contacted individually with a special permission number to register for the programme,
Reminders:
Signing up for the programme does not automatically mean that you will be able to register and participate. Pairs are matched by languages of interest and proficiency levels. Since there are many factors involved in the pairing process, not all students who sign up will be matched with a partner and be able to register for the programme.
21. In the programme, students will _________.
A. chair daily meetings
B. evaluate the exchange
C. meet teachers each week
D. practise their language skills
22. To complete the programme, students are required to _________.
A. development tests
B. participate in pair meetings
C. welcome new students
D. work on weekly videos
23. What do students need to do during the registration?
A. Indicate their languages of interest.
B. select their own coursework.
C. Make individual contact.
D. choose their partners.
答案解析：
21. 根据第一段中的 "Students record short entries after each partner meeting noting the language skills practised and the topics discussed." 可以得知，学生在每次伙伴会议后都会记录简短的条目，注明练习的语言技能和讨论的话题。因此，学生在该计划中将会练习他们的语言技能。选项D "practise their language skills" 与此信息相符。
22. 根据Requirements for completion部分中的 "18 weekly one-hour pair meetings" 可以得知，要完成该计划，学生需要参加18次每周一次的伙伴会议。选项B "participate in pair meetings" 与此信息相符。
23. 根据Sign up部分的 "Students sign up and indicate the languages they can share and languages they are interested in learning." 可以得知，在注册过程中，学生需要表明他们可以分享的语言以及他们感兴趣学习的语言。选项A "Indicate their languages of interest" 与此信息相符。其他选项B、C和D在文中没有提及。
B
When I was a little girl, I liked drawing, freely and joyously making marks on the walls at home. In primary school, I learned to write using chalks. Writing seemed to be another form of drawing. I shaped individual letters into repeating lines, which were abstract forms, delightful but meaningless patterns.
In secondary school, art was my favourite subject. Since. I loved it so much I thought I was good at it. For the art O-level exam I had to present an oil painting. I found it difficult, but still hoped to pass. I failed, with a low grade. I'd been over-confident. Now I'd been declared talentless.
But other channels of creativity stayed open: I went on writing poems and stories. Still, I went to exhibitions often. I continued my habitual drawing, which I now characterised as childish doodling(乱画). In my30s, I made painter friends and learned new ways of looking at art. However, I couldn't let myself have a go at actually doing it. though these new friends were abstract painters using oil paints, or were printmakers or sculptors, I took oil painting as the taboo(禁忌) high form I wasn't allowed to practise.
One night, in my early 40s, I dreamed that a big woman in red approached me, handed me a bag of paints, and told me to start painting. The dream felt so authoritative that it shook me. It was a form of energy, giving me back something I'd lost. Accordingly, I started by experimenting with water colours. Finally, I bought some oil paints.
Although I have enjoyed breaking my decades-long taboo about working with oil paints, I have discovered I now prefer chalks and ink. I let my line drawings turn into cartoons I send to friends. It all feels free and easy. Un-anxious. This time around, I can accept my limitations but keep going.
Becoming a successful painter calls for being resolute. I realised I was always afraid of wanting too much. That dream reminded me that those fears and desires could encourage me to take risks and make experiments.
24. How did the author feel about the result of the art exam?
A. Scared. B. Worried. C. Discouraged. D. Wronged.
25. In her 30s, the author_________.
A. avoided oil painting practice
B. sought for a painting career
C. fancied abstract painting
D. exhibited child paintings
26. Which word would best describe the author's dream?
A. Confusing. B. Empowering. C. Disturbing. D. Entertaining.
27. What can we learn from this passage?
A. Actions speak louder than words.
B. Hard work is the mother of success.
C. Dreams are the reflections of realities.
D. creative activities involve being confident.
答案解析：
24. 根据第三段中的 "I failed, with a low grade. I'd been over-confident. Now I'd been declared talentless." 可以得知，作者在艺术考试中失败了，并且得到了一个低分，这让她感到自己被宣告没有天赋。这种情况下，作者的感觉应该是气馁的。选项C "Discouraged" 与此信息相符。
25. 根据第四段中的 "However, I couldn't let myself have a go at actually doing it. Though these new friends were abstract painters using oil paints... I took oil painting as the taboo high form I wasn't allowed to practise." 可以得知，在30多岁时，作者避免实践油画。选项A "avoided oil painting practice" 与此信息相符。
26. 根据第六段中的 "One night, in my early 40s, I dreamed that a big woman in red approached me, handed me a bag of paints, and told me to start painting. The dream felt so authoritative that it shook me. It was a form of energy, giving me back something I'd lost." 可以得知，这个梦给了作者权威感，给了她失去的东西，这是一种赋权的感觉。选项B "Empowering" 与此信息相符。
27. 整篇文章讲述了作者在艺术上的经历，包括她的失败、自我怀疑、以及最终通过一个梦的启示重新开始创作的过程。文章最后提到，成为成功的画家需要决心，作者意识到她总是害怕想要太多，但那个梦提醒她，那些恐惧和欲望可以鼓励她冒险和实验。这表明，创造性活动涉及自信。选项D "Creative activities involve being confident" 与文章的主旨相符。其他选项A、B和C虽然可能是普遍的真理，但不是文章的主要教训。
C
The notion that we live in someone else's video game is irresistible to many. Searching the term “simulation hypothesis”(模拟假说)returns numerous results that debate whether the universe is a computer simulation—a concept that some scientists actually take seriously. Unfortunately, this is not a scientific question. We will probably never know whether it's true. We can, instead, use this idea to advance scientific knowledge.
The 18th-century philosopher Kant argued that the universe ultimately consists of things-in-themselves that are unknowable. While he held the notion that objective reality exists, he said our mind plays a necessary role in structuring and shaping our perceptions. modern sciences have revealed that our perceptual experience of the world is the result of many stages of processing by sensory systems and cognitive(认知的)functions in the brain. No one knows exactly what happens within this black box. If empirical(实证的) experience fails to reveal reality, reasoning won't reveal reality either since it relies on concepts and words that are contingent on our social, cultural and psychological histories. Again, a black box.
So, if we accept that the universe is unknowable, we also accept we will never know if we live in a computer simulation. And then, we can shift our inquiry from “Is the universe a computer simulation?” to “Can we model the universe as a computer simulation? ” Modelling reality is what we do. To facilitate our comprehension of the world, we build models based on conceptual metaphors(隐喻) that are familiar to us. In Newton's era, we imagined the universe as a clock. In Einstein's, we uncovered the standard model of particle(粒子) physics.
Now that we are in the information age, we have new concepts such as the computer, information processing, virtual reality, and simulation. Unsurprisingly, these new concepts inspire us to build new models of the universe. Models are not the reality, however. There is no point in arguing if the universe is a clock, a set of particles or an output of computation. All these models are tools to deal with the unknown and to make discoveries. And the more tools we have, the more effective and insightful we can become.
It can be imagined that comparable to the process of building previous scientific models, developing the “computer simulation” metaphor-based model will also be a hugely rewarding exercise.
28. What does the author intend to do by challenging a hypothesis?
A. Make an assumption.
B. Illustrate an argument.
C. Give a suggestion.
D. Justify a comparison.
29. What does the phrase “contingent on” underlined in paragraph 2probably mean?
A. Accepted by.
B. Determined by.
C. Awakened by.
D. Discovered by.
30. As for Kant's argument, the author is _________.
A. appreciative
B. doubtful
C. unconcerned
D. disapproving
31. It is implied in this passage that we should _________.
A. compare the current models with the previous ones
B. continue exploring the classical models in history
C. stop arguing whether the universe is a simulation
D. turn simulations of the universe into realities up.
答案解析：
28. 作者在文章开头提出了“模拟假说”，然后指出这不是一个科学问题，我们可能永远无法知道它是否为真。接下来，作者使用了这个假说来推进科学知识的讨论。可知，作者对于模拟假说提出质疑，是为了提出自己的建议。故选C。
29. 在第二段中，"contingent on" 这个短语出现在这样的上下文中：“...since it relies on concepts and words that are contingent on our social, cultural and psychological histories.” 这里的意思是，我们的推理依赖于我们的社会、文化和心理历史所决定的概念和词汇。因此，"contingent on" 的意思是由...所决定的。选项B "Determined by" 与此意思相符。
30. 作者在第二段中提到了康德的论点，并解释了康德的观点，即尽管客观现实存在，但我们的心灵在构建和塑造我们的感知中扮演了必要角色。作者没有表示对康德论点的怀疑或不关心，而是接受了康德的观点，并用现代科学来支持康德的观点。这表明作者对康德的论点是赞赏的。选项A "appreciative" 与此态度相符。
31. 在最后一段，作者提到，模型不是现实，争论宇宙是否是一个时钟、一组粒子或计算的输出是没有意义的。所有这些模型都是处理未知和发现新事物的工具。作者暗示我们应该停止争论宇宙是否是一个模拟，而是应该使用这些模型作为工具。选项C "stop arguing whether the universe is a simulation" 与此暗示相符。
D
Franz Boas's description of Inuit(因纽特人)life in the 19th century illustrates the probable moral code of early humans. Here, norms(规范)were unwritten and rarely expressed clearly, but were well understood and taken to heart. Dishonest and violent behaviours were disapproved of; leadership, marriage and interactions with other groups were loosely governed by traditions. conflict was often resolved in music al battles. Because arguing angrily leads to chaos, it was strongly discouraged. With life in the unforgiving Northern Cariada being so demanding, the Inuit's practical approach to morality made good sense.
The similarity of moral virtues across cultures is striking, even though the relative ranking of the virtues may vary with a social group's history and environment. Typically, cruelty and cheating are discouraged, while cooperation, humbleness and courage are praised. These universal norms far pre-date the concept of any moralising religion or written law. Instead, they are rooted in the similarity of basic human needs and our shared mechanisms for learning and problem solving. Our social instincts(本能)include the intense desire to belong. The approval of others is rewarding, while their disapproval is strongly disliked. These social emotions prepare our brains to shape our behaviour according to the norms and values of our family and our community. More generally, social instincts motivate us to learn how to behave in a socially complex world.
The mechanism involves re purposed reward system originally used to develop habits important for self-care. Our brains use the system to acquire behavioural patterns regarding safe routes home, efficient food gathering and dangers to avoid. Good habits save time, energy and sometimes your life. Good social habits do something similar in a social context. We learn to tell the truth, even when lying is self-serving; we help a grandparent even when it is inconvenient. We acquire what we call a sense of right and wrong.
Social benefits are accompanied by social demands: we must get along, but not put up with too much. Hence self-discipline is advantageous. In humans, a greatly enlarged brain boosts self-control, just as it boosts problem-solving skills in the social as well as the physical world. These abilities are strengthened by our capacity for language, which allows social practices to develop in extremely unobvious ways.
32. What can be inferred about the forming of the Inuit's moral code?
A. Living conditions were the drive.
B. Unwritten rules were the target.
C. Social tradition was the basis.
D. Honesty was the key.
33. What can we learn from this passage?
A. Inconveniences are the cause of telling lies.
B. Basic human needs lead to universal norms.
C. language capacity is limited by self-control.
D. Written laws have great influence on virtues.
34. Which would be the best title for this passage?
A. Virtues: Bridges Across Cultures
B. The Values of Self-discipline
C. Brains: Walls against Chaos
D. The Roots of Morality
答案解析：
32. 文章第一段描述了因纽特人19世纪的 生活，并指出他们的道德规范是未写下来的，但被很好地理解和接受。作者提到，由于生活在无情的加拿大北部对生存的要求非常高，因纽特人对道德的实用主义方法是非常有意义的。这表明，因纽特人的道德规范的形 成是由他们的生活条件驱动的。选项A "Living conditions were the drive" 与此推断相符。
33. 文章第二段提到，不同文化之间道德美德的相似性是显著的，这些普遍规范远远早于任何道德化宗教或成文法 的概念。它们根植于基本人类需求的相似性以及我们共享的学习和解决问题的机制。这表明，基本的人类需求导致了普遍规范的 形成。选项B "Basic human needs lead to universal norms" 与此信息相符。
34. 整篇文章讨论了道德规范的起源，包括因纽特人的道德规范、不同文化中道德美德的相似性以及社会本能如何塑造我们的行为。文章最后提到了自我约束的优势和大脑如何增强自我控制能力。因此，最佳标题应该是与道德的根源相关的内容。选项D "The Roots of Morality" 最能概括文章的主题。
