在四级翻译中，通常会涉及到传统文化、历史事件、社会现象的翻译，这样要求考生深入理解中华文化，并灵活运用目标语言表达。准确翻译这些词汇，不仅需要语言技能，还需对中西方文化差异有深刻把握。
1. 八卦 trigram
The I Ching, or book of Changes, uses hexagrams composed of eight trigrams to interpret the world.
《易经》或《变化之书》使用由八卦组成的六十四卦来解释世界。
2. 阴、阳 yin, yang
In Chinese philosophy, yin and yang represent the opposite and complementary forces that make up the universe.
在中国哲学中，阴和阳代表构成宇宙的相反和互补力量。
3. 道 Dao(cf. logo)
The Dao is the fundamental principle underlying the universe in Chinese religion and philosophy, similar to the concept of logos in Western philosophy.
道是中国宗教和哲学中宇宙根本原理，类似于西方哲学中的logos概念。
4. 江湖(世界) the jianghu World (the traits’ world)
In Chinese culture, "jianghu" refers to the martial arts world or the world of outlaws, where the code of honor is highly valued.
在中国文化中，“江湖”指的是武侠世界或绿林世界，非常重视荣誉准则。
5. 道教 Daoism(Taoism)
Daoism, also known as Taoism, is a philosophical and religious tradition that emphasizes living in harmony with the Dao.
道教，也被称为道教，是一种强调与道和谐共生的哲学和宗教传统。
6. 上火 excessive internal heat
Eating too much spicy food can lead to excessive internal heat, which is believed to cause health issues in traditional Chinese medicine.
过多食用辛辣食物可能导致内火过旺，根据中医理论，这被认为会导致健康问题。
7. 儒学 Confucianism
Confucianism, the teachings of Confucius, has had a profound impact on Chinese culture, ethics, and philosophy.
儒学，孔子的教导，对中国文化、伦理和哲学产生了深远的影响。
8. 红学(《红楼梦》研究) redology
Redology is the study and analysis of "Dream of the Red Chamber," one of the four great classical novels of Chinese literature.
红学是对中国文学四大名著之一《红楼梦》的研究和分析。
9. 世外桃源 Shangri-la or Arcadia
The concept of a "Shangri-la" or "Arcadia" represents an idealized, peaceful, and harmonious land, often used to describe a paradise on earth.
“世外桃源”或“阿卡迪亚”的概念代表了一个理想化、和平、和谐的土地，常用来形容地球上的天堂。
10. 开放 kaifang (Chinese openness to the outside world)
China's policy of kaifang has led to rapid economic growth and increased international engagement.
中国的开放政策导致了经济的快速增长和国际交往的增加。
11. 大锅饭 getting an equal share regardless of the work done
The practice of "big pot rice" was a feature of China's planned economy, where everyone received the same regardless of their contribution.
“大锅饭”是中国计划经济的一个特点，无论贡献大小，每个人都得到相同的待遇。
12. 伤痕文学 scar literature or the literature of the wounded
Scar literature refers to a genre of Chinese literature that emerged after the Cultural Revolution, dealing with the traumas of that period.
伤痕文学是指中国文化大革命后出现的一个文学流派，处理那个时期的创伤。
13. 不搞一刀切 no imposing uniformity on …
The government has adopted a flexible approach, avoiding imposing uniformity on diverse regions and circumstances.
政府采取了灵活的方法，避免对不同地区和情况搞一刀切。
14. 合乎国情，顺乎民意 to conform with the national conditions and the will of the people
The policy should be designed to conform with national conditions and the will of the people for it to be effective.
政策应该符合国情和人民的意愿，才能有效。
15. 乱摊派，乱收费 imposition of arbitrary quotas and service charge
The central government has cracked down on the imposition of arbitrary quotas and service charges to reduce the burden on businesses.
中央政府打击乱摊派和乱收费，以减轻企业负担。
16. 铁交椅 iron (lifetime) post’s; guaranteed leading post
The reform of the civil service system aims to abolish the practice of iron chairs and promote a merit-based system.
公务员制度的改革旨在废除铁交椅的做法，推行以功绩为基础的制度。
17. 脱贫 to shake off poverty; anti-poverty
The government has implemented various programs to help rural residents shake off poverty and improve their living standards.
政府实施了各种计划，帮助农村居民脱贫致富，提高生活水平。
18. 治则兴，乱则衰 Order leads to prosperity and chaos to decline
The ancient Chinese proverb "Order leads to prosperity and chaos to decline" emphasizes the importance of social order and stability for the prosperity of a nation. 古语“治则兴，乱则衰”强调了社会秩序和稳定对国家繁荣的重要性。
