2022年全国乙卷
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
A
Henry Raeburn (1756-1823)
The Exhibition
This exhibition of some sixty masterpieces celebrating the life and work of Scotland's best loved painter, Sir Henry Raeburn, comes to London. Selected from collections throughout the world, it is the first major exhibition of his work to be held in over forty years.
Lecture Series
Scottish National Portrait(肖像画) Gallery presents a series of lectures for the general public. They are held in the lecture Room. admission to lectures is free.
Exhibition Times
Monday-Saturday 10.00-17.45 Sunday 12.00-17.45
Last admission to the exhibition: 17.15. There is no re-admission.
Closed: 24-26 December and 1 January.
Admission
£4. Children under 12 years accompanied by an adult are admitted free.
Schools and Colleges
A special low entrance charge of £2 per person is available to all in full-time education, up to and including those at first degree level, in organised groups with teachers.
21.What is the right time for attending Raeburn's English Contemporaries?
A.Sun. 26 Oct. B.Thurs. 30 Oct.
C.Thurs. 6 Nov. D.Thurs. 13 Nov.
22.How much would a couple with two children under 12 pay for admission?
A.£4. B.£8. C.£12. D.£16.
23.How can full-time students get group discounts?
A.They should go on Sunday mornings. B.They should come from art schools.
C.They must be led by teachers. D.They must have ID cards with them.
答案及解析：
21.B. Thurs. 30 Oct.
题目询问参加“Raeburn's English Contemporaries”讲座的正确时间。从表格中可以看到，“Raeburn's English Contemporaries”安排在10月30日星期四。
22.B. £8
题目询问一对夫妇带两个12岁以下的孩子参观需要支付多少费用。根据入场费信息，12岁以下儿童免费，成人票价为£4。两个成人需要支付£4×2=£8，两个孩子免费。
23.C. They must be led by teachers.
题目询问全日制学生如何获得团体折扣。根据表格信息，找到关于学生团体折扣的说明。表格中提到，学生团体需由教师带领才能享受£2的优惠票价。
B
In 1916, two girls of wealthy families, best friends from Auburn, N. Y.—Dorothy Woodruff and Rosamond Underwood—traveled to a settlement in the Rocky Mountains to teach in a one-room schoolhouse. The girls had gone to Smith College. They wore expensive clothes. So for them to move to Elkhead, Colo. to instruct the children whose shoes were held together with string was a surprise. Their stay in Elkhead is the subject of Nothing Daunted: The unexpected Education of Two Society Girls in the West by Dorothy Wickenden, who is a magazine editor and Dorothy Woodruff's granddaughter.
Why did they go then? Well, they wanted to do something useful. Soon, however, they realized what they had undertaken.
They moved in with a local family, the Harrisons, and, like them, had little privacy, rare baths, and a blanket of snow on their quilt when they woke up in the morning. Some mornings, Rosamond and Dorothy would arrive at the schoolhouse to find the children weeping from the cold. In spring, the snow was replaced by mud over ice.
In Wickenden's book, she expanded on the history of the West and also on feminism, which of course influenced the girls' decision to go to Elkhead. A hair-raising section concerns the building of the railroads, which entailed(牵涉) drilling through the Rockies, often in blinding snowstorms. The book ends with Rosamond and Dorothy's return to Auburn.
Wickenden is a very good storyteller. The sweep of the land and the stoicism(坚忍) of the people move her to some beautiful writing. Here is a picture of Dorothy Woodruff, on her horse, looking down from a hill top: "When the sun slipped behind the mountains, it shed a rosy glow all around them. Then a full moon rose. The snow was marked only by small animals: foxes, coyotes, mice, and varying hares, which turned white in the winter."
24.Why did Dorothy and Rosamond go to the Rocky Mountains?
A.To teach in a school. B.To study American history.
C.To write a book. D.To do sightseeing.
25.What can we learn about the girls from paragraph 3?
A.They enjoyed much respect. B.They had a room with a bathtub.
C.They lived with the local kids. D.They suffered severe hardships.
26.Which part of Wickenden's writing is hair-raising?
A.The extreme climate of Auburn. B.The living conditions in Elkhead.
C.The railroad building in the Rockies. D.The natural beauty of the West.
27.What is the text?
A.A news report. B.A book review.
C.A children's story. D.A diary entry.
答案及解析：
24. A。根据第一段中的“...traveled to a settlement in the Rocky Mountains to teach in a one-room schoolhouse.”可知，Dorothy和Rosamond去Rocky Mountains是为了在一间只有一个房间的学校教书。因此，答案是A。
25. D。根据第三段中的描述，她们与当地家庭一起生活，缺乏隐私，很少洗澡，早上醒来时被子上有雪，孩子们因为寒冷而哭泣，春天雪变成了泥泞。这些都表明她们在那里遭受了严重的艰苦。因此，答案是D。
26. C。根据第四段中的“A hair-raising section concerns the building of the railroads, which entailed drilling through the Rockies, often in blinding snowstorms.”可知，令人毛骨悚然的部分是关于铁路的建设，这涉及到在令人眩目的暴风雪中钻穿落基山脉。因此，答案是C。
27. B。整篇文章都在介绍Dorothy Wickenden的书“Nothing Daunted”，包括书中的内容、两位女主角的经历以及作者对这本书的评价。因此，这篇文章是一篇书评。答案是B。
C
Can a small group of drones(无人机) guarantee the safety and reliability of railways and, at the same time, help railway operators save billions of euros each year? that is the very likely future of applying today's "eyes in the sky" technology to making sure that the millions of kilometres of rail tracks and infrastructure(基础设施) worldwide are safe for trains on a 24/7 basis.
Drones are already being used to examine high-tension electrical lines. They could do precisely the same thing to inspect railway lines and other vital aspects of rail infrastructure such as the correct position of railway tracks and switching points. The more regularly they can be inspected, the more railway safety, reliability and on-time performance will be improved. Costs would be cut and operations would be more efficient(高效) across the board.
That includes huge savings in maintenance costs and better protection of railway personnel safety. It is calculated that European railways alone spend approximately 20 billion euros a year on maintenance, including sending maintenance staff, often at night, to inspect and repair the rail infrastructure. That can be dangerous work that could be avoided with drones assisting the crews' efforts.
By using the latest technologies, drones could also start providing higher-value services for railways, detecting faults in the rail or switches, before they can cause any safety problems. To perform these tasks, drones for rail don't need to be flying overhead. Engineers are now working on a new concept: the rail drones of the future. They will be moving on the track ahead of the train, and programmed to run autonomously. Very small drones with advanced sensors and AI and travelling ahead of the train could guide it like a co-pilot. With their ability to see ahead, they could signal any problem, so that fast-moving trains would be able to react in time.
28.What makes the application of drones to rail lines possible?
A.The use of drones in checking on power lines. B.Drones' ability to work at high altitudes.
C.The reduction of cost in designing drones. D.Drones' reliable performance in remote areas.
29.What does "maintenance" underlined in paragraph 3 refer to?
A.Personnel safety. B.Assistance from drones.
C.Inspection and repair. D.Construction of infrastructure.
30.What function is expected of the rail drones?
A.To provide early warning. B.To make trains run automatically.
C.To earn profits for the crews. D.To accelerate transportation.
31.Which is the most suitable title for the text?
A.What Faults Can Be Detected with Drones
B.How production of Drones Can Be Expanded
C.What difficulty Drone Development Will Face
D.How Drones Will Change the Future of Railways
答案及解析：
28. A。根据第二段第一句“Drones are already being used to examine high-tension electrical lines.”可知，无人机已经被用于检查高压电线，这表明无人机在检查铁路线和其他重要基础设施方面是可行的。因此，答案是A。
29. C。根据第三段的内容，maintenance一词指的是铁路基础设施的检查和维修工作，这与选项C“Inspection and repair”相符。因此，答案是C。
30. A。根据最后一段中的“Very small drones with advanced sensors and AI and travelling ahead of the train could guide it like a co-pilot. With their ability to see ahead, they could signal any problem, so that fast-moving trains would be able to react in time.”可知，铁路无人机预期的作用是提供早期警告，帮助快速移动的火车及时反应。因此，答案是A。
31. D。整篇文章讨论的是无人机如何被应用于铁路领域，以及它们将如何改变铁路的未来，包括提高安全性、降低成本和提高效率。因此，最合适的标题是“D. How Drones Will Change the Future of Railways”。答案是D。
D
The Government's sugar tax on soft drinks has brought in half as much money as Ministers first predicted it would generate, the first official data on the policy has shown.
First announced in April, 2016, the tax which applies to soft drinks containing more than 5g of sugar per 100ml, was introduced to help reduce childhood obesity(肥胖). It is believed that today's children and teenagers are consuming three times the recommended level of sugar, putting them at a higher risk of the disease.
Initially the sugar tax was expected to make £520m a year for the Treasury. However, data of the first six months showed it would make less than half this amount. At present it is expected to generate £240m for the year ending in April 2019, which will go to school sports.
It comes after more than half of soft drinks sold in shops have had their sugar levels cut by manufacturers(制造商) so they can avoid paying the tax. Drinks now contain 45 million fewer kilos of sugar as a result of manufacturers' efforts to avoid the charge, according to Treasury figures. Since April drinks companies have been forced to pay between 18p and 24p for every litre of sugary drink they produce or import, depending on the sugar content.
However, some high sugar brands, like Classic Coca Cola, have accepted the sugar tax and are refusing to change for fear of upsetting consumers. Fruit juices, milk-based drinks and most alcoholic drinks are free of the tax, as are small companies manufacturing fewer than 1m litres per year.
Today's figures, according to one government official, show the positive influence the sugar tax is having by raising millions of pounds for sports facilities(设施) and healthier eating in schools. Helping the next generation to have a healthy and active childhood is of great importance, and the industry is playing its part.
32.Why was the sugar tax introduced?
A.To collect money for schools. B.To improve the quality of drinks.
C.To protect children's health. D.To encourage research in education.
33.How did some drinks companies respond to the sugar tax?
A.They turned to overseas markets. B.They raised the prices of their products.
C.They cut down on their production. D.They reduced their products' sugar content.
34.From which of the following is the sugar tax collected?
A.Most alcoholic drinks. B.Milk-based drinks.
C.Fruit juices. D.Classic Coke.
35.What can be inferred about the adoption of the sugar tax policy?
A.It is a short-sighted decision. B.It is a success story.
C.It benefits manufacturers. D.It upsets customers.
答案解析：
32. C。根据第二段中的“the tax which applies to soft drinks containing more than 5g of sugar per 100ml, was introduced to help reduce childhood obesity(肥胖).”可知，糖税的引入是为了帮助减少儿童肥胖，从而保护儿童的健康。因此，答案是C。
33. D。根据第四段中的“It comes after more than half of soft drinks sold in shops have had their sugar levels cut by manufacturers(制造商) so they can avoid paying the tax.”可知，为了避免支付糖税，超过一半的软饮料制造商减少了饮料中的糖分。因此，答案是D。
34. D。根据第五段中的“However, some high sugar brands, like Classic Coca Cola, have accepted the sugar tax and are refusing to change for fear of upsetting consumers.”可知，像经典可口可乐这样的高糖品牌接受了糖税，并没有改变其配方。因此，经典可乐是需要缴纳糖税的。答案是D。
35. B。根据最后一段中的“Today's figures, according to one government official, show the positive influence the sugar tax is having by raising millions of pounds for sports facilities(设施) and healthier eating in schools.”可知，糖税政策产生了积极的影响，为学校的体育设施和更健康的饮食筹集了数百万英镑。这表明糖税政策的采纳是一个成功的故事。因此，答案是B。
